THE CELL AND INHERITANCE:
Mendel`s work showed that genes exit. But scientists in the early twentieth century did not know what structures in cells contained genes. Chromosome pairs play in inheritance, the relationship between chromosomes and genes is the meiosis. Meiosis is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells sperm and eggs. During the meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism. A punnett square is actually a way to show the events that eccur of meiosis when the chromosome pairs separate and go into two different sex cells, so do the alleles carried on each chromosome. One allele from each pair goes to each sex cell. Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string.
THE DNA CONNECTION:
The genetic code. The main function on genes is to control the production of proteins in an organism`s cells proteins help to determinate the size, shape, color and many traits of an organism. The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifics what type of protein will be produced. During protein synthesis the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein. Messenger RNA copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus . transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome a mutation can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis . as a result the organism`s trait or phenotype.
MODERN GENETIC:
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together. Multiple alleles three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait . the sex chromosomes are one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell . the sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
CAUSES OF GENETIC DISOIDERS:
Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorder are caused by changed in the overall structure or number of chromosomes. Common genetic disorders: cystic figrosis, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, down syndrome. Selective breeding cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits. Darwin´s important observations included the diversity of living things, the remains of ancient organisms and the characteristics of organisms on the Galapagos islands, a species is a group of similar organisms.
A FOSSIL:
Is the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past. Darwin hypothesized the species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new conditions. Scientists have cobined the evidence from DNA protein structure fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
VIRUS:
Is a tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a living a cell. The only way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply. All viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material.
BACTERIA:
Are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus flawellum a long whiplike structure that a helps cell move.
FUNGI:
Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterothrops that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to produce. Hyphae are the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
THE PLANT KINGDOM:
Nearly all plants are autotrophs, organisms that produce their own food. All plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells. In addition , all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls . adaptations for living on land, they must have ways for plants to survive on land , they must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies, and reproduce. Plants without seeds there are three major groups of nonvascular plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low-growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water an other nutrients directly from their environment. Characteristics of seedless vascular plants. Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce releasing spores.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEED PLANTS:
Seed plants share two important characteristics they have vascular tissue, and they use pollen and seeds to reproduce. Inside seed is a partially developed plant. Ifassed lands in area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seeds and begins to grow.
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGYOSPERMS:
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition many gymnosperms have needle like or scalelike leaves and deep growing root systems. Types of gymnosperms: cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophytes, reproduction first, pollen fast from a male cone onto a female con. In time,a sperm cell and egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone.
PLANT RESPONSES AND GROWTH:
Touch, light and gravity are three important stimul which plants show growth responses, or tropisms. Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
STRUCTURE OF ANIMALS:
The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs and systems the major functions of animals are to obtain food and oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move and reproduce.
ANIMAL SYMMETRY:
This balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
SPONGES AND CNIDARIANS:
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have no body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
WORMS:
Biologists classify worms into three major phylaflatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. Flatworms are flat and as soft as jelly.
MOLLUSKS:
In additionto a soft body often covered by a shell a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs, and on organ called a foot.
ARTHROPODS:
The major groups of arthropods are crustaceans, arachinds, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed attachments called appendages.
INSECTS:
Insects are arthropods with three body sections six legs, one pair of antennae, and and usually one or two pairs of wings. An insects mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food. Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food fair other animals.
martes, 1 de diciembre de 2009
domingo, 29 de noviembre de 2009
#13 “Gymnosperms and Angiosperms” (p. 272-282)
1.What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce? Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
2.What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
3.How do angiosperms reproduce?
All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
4.What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flower`s.
“KEY TERMS”
1. Gymnosperm: a plant that produces seeds tahta are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
2. Ovule: a structure that contains an egg cell.
3. Angiosperm: a flowering t that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure.
4. Sepal: a leaf like structure that bud of a flower.
5. Stamen: a male reproductive that bud of a flower.
6. Ovary: a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop: organ of the female reproductive system in which eggs and estrogen are produced.
7. Monocot: an organism with one seed leaf.
8. Cone: the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm.
9. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants.
10. Pistil: the female reproductive part of a flower.
11. Flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
12. Petal: a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.
13. Fruit: the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperms that enclose one or more seeds.
14. Dicot: an angiosperm that has two seed leaves.
2.What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
3.How do angiosperms reproduce?
All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
4.What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flower`s.
“KEY TERMS”
1. Gymnosperm: a plant that produces seeds tahta are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
2. Ovule: a structure that contains an egg cell.
3. Angiosperm: a flowering t that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure.
4. Sepal: a leaf like structure that bud of a flower.
5. Stamen: a male reproductive that bud of a flower.
6. Ovary: a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop: organ of the female reproductive system in which eggs and estrogen are produced.
7. Monocot: an organism with one seed leaf.
8. Cone: the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm.
9. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants.
10. Pistil: the female reproductive part of a flower.
11. Flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
12. Petal: a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.
13. Fruit: the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperms that enclose one or more seeds.
14. Dicot: an angiosperm that has two seed leaves.
Temario para examen final de Biologia II Bachillerato
Estudia:
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales.
2.- Cuestionarios. Págs.77, 80-85, 137, 138, 141-147, 282, 287, 288, 292-313
3.-Autoevaluación. Págs.149-151, 175, 176
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales.
2.- Cuestionarios. Págs.77, 80-85, 137, 138, 141-147, 282, 287, 288, 292-313
3.-Autoevaluación. Págs.149-151, 175, 176
Temario para examen final de Ciencias de la salud I Bachillerato
Estudia:
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales
2.-Evaluaciones sumativas págs.24, 161-164
3.-Glosarios págs.25, 160 y 200
4.-Evaluaciones diagnosticas págs. 26, 168, 200 y 201
5.-Resúmenes págs. 23, 160 y 200
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales
2.-Evaluaciones sumativas págs.24, 161-164
3.-Glosarios págs.25, 160 y 200
4.-Evaluaciones diagnosticas págs. 26, 168, 200 y 201
5.-Resúmenes págs. 23, 160 y 200
Temario para 2° examen bimestral de secundaria
Summary 2nd bimonthly exam
Chapter 5.- Modern Genetics. QUESTIONARY 1
Human inherence. Pages 144 to 150
Human genetic disorders. Pages 151 to 155
Advances in genetics. Pages 157 to 162
Chapter 6.- Changes over time. QUESTIONARY 1
Darwin´s theory. Pages 173 to 179
Evidence of Evolution. Pages 182 to 187
The fossil record. Pages 189 to 196
Chapter 7.- Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi. QUESTIONARY 1
Viruses. Pages 210 to 215
Bacteria. Pages 217 to 225
Protists. Pages 226 to 235
Fungi. Pages 236 to 241
Chapter 8.- Plants. QUESTIONARY 2
The plant kingdom. Pages 250 to 260
The characteristics of seed plants. Pages 263 to 271
Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pages 272 to 281
Chapter 9.- Sponges, cnidarians and worms. QUESTIONARY 2
What is an animal? Pages 294 to 299
Animal symmetry. Pages 300 to 302
Sponges and cnidarians. Pages 303 to 311
Worms. Pages 314 to 320
Chapter 10.- mollusks, arthropods and echinoderms. QUESTIONARY 2
Mollusks Pages 328 to 333
Arthropods. Pages 335 to 342
Insects. Pages 343 to 347
Insects ecology. Pages 350 to 337
Echinoderms. Pages 354 to 361
Chapter 5.- Modern Genetics. QUESTIONARY 1
Human inherence. Pages 144 to 150
Human genetic disorders. Pages 151 to 155
Advances in genetics. Pages 157 to 162
Chapter 6.- Changes over time. QUESTIONARY 1
Darwin´s theory. Pages 173 to 179
Evidence of Evolution. Pages 182 to 187
The fossil record. Pages 189 to 196
Chapter 7.- Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi. QUESTIONARY 1
Viruses. Pages 210 to 215
Bacteria. Pages 217 to 225
Protists. Pages 226 to 235
Fungi. Pages 236 to 241
Chapter 8.- Plants. QUESTIONARY 2
The plant kingdom. Pages 250 to 260
The characteristics of seed plants. Pages 263 to 271
Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pages 272 to 281
Chapter 9.- Sponges, cnidarians and worms. QUESTIONARY 2
What is an animal? Pages 294 to 299
Animal symmetry. Pages 300 to 302
Sponges and cnidarians. Pages 303 to 311
Worms. Pages 314 to 320
Chapter 10.- mollusks, arthropods and echinoderms. QUESTIONARY 2
Mollusks Pages 328 to 333
Arthropods. Pages 335 to 342
Insects. Pages 343 to 347
Insects ecology. Pages 350 to 337
Echinoderms. Pages 354 to 361
Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, 2° examen bimestral de Biología (Science explorer). PARTE 2
QUESTIONARY 2
1. What characteristics do all plants share?
Nearly all plants are autotrophs all plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells, all of which are surrounded by cell walls.
2. What do plants need to live successfully on land?
Land plants must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies and reproduce
3. What are the different stages of a plants life cycle?
Plants have complex life cycles that include the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.
4. What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?
There are three major groups of nonvascular Plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low – growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water and other nutrients directly from their environment.
5. What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.
6. What characteristics do seed plants share?
Seed plants have vascular tissue.
7. How do seed become new plants?
Seed plants use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
8. What are the main functions of roots, stems and leaves?
Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and mineral. Stems carry substances between roots and leaves, provide support and hold up the leaves. Leaves capture the sun´s energy for photosynthesis.
9. What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce?
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
10. What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
11. How do angiosperms reproduce? All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
12. What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flowers.
13. What are the three stimuli that produce plant responses?
Plant tropisms include responses to touch, light and gravity.
14. How do plants respond to seasonal changes?
Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
15. How long do different angiosperms live?
Angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials or perennials.
16. How are animal bodies typically organized?
Higher levels of structure, including tissues, organ, and systems.
17. What are four major functions of animals?
Obtain food an oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move, and reproduce.
18- How are animals classified?
According to how they are related to others animals. These relationships are determined by an animal´s body structure, the way an animal develops and its DNA
19- What is symmetry?
The balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
20- What can you infer about an animal based on its symmetry?
Depending on their symmetry, animals share some general characteristics.
21- What are the main characteristics of sponges?
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have not body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
22- What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?
Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
23- Why are coral reefs important?
Coral reefs are home to move species of fishes and invertebrates that any other environment on Earth.
24- What are the three main phyla of worms?
Biologist classify worms into three major phyla- flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms.
25- What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms?
Flatworms are flat and soft as jelly, unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube, open at both ends.
Earth worms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.
26- What are the main characteristics of mollusks?
In addition to a soft body often covered by a shell, a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs and an organ called foot.
27- What are the major groups of mollusks and how do they differ?
Gastropods: are mollusks that have a single external shell or no shell at all.
Bivalves: are mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles. Cephalopods: is an ocean-dwellings mollusk whose food is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth.
28- What are the four major groups of arthropods and what are their characteristics?
Crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body and jointed attachments called appendages.
29- How do crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes differ?
Crustaceans: arthropod that has two or three body sections five or more pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Arachnids: are arthropods with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Centipedes and millipedes: are arthropods with two body sections an many pairs of legs.
30- What are the main characteristics of insects?
Are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually on or two pairs of wings.
31- What is one way insects are adapted to obtain particular types of food?
Insect´s mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food.
32- What are two types of metamorphosis that insects undergo?
Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis or gradual metamorphosis.
33- Why are insects important in food chains?
Insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food for other animals.
34- What are the other ways insects interact with their environments?
Two ways insects interact with other living things are by moving pollen among plants and by spreading disease-causing organism.
35- What are some ways used to control insects pest?
To try to control pests, people use chemicals, traps and living things include other insects.
36- What are the main characteristics of echinoderms?
Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton and systems of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system.
37- What are the major groups of echinoderms?
There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
38- key terms
Larva: is an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult.
Medusa: The jellyfish you see in figure 13 is a medusa (The bowl-shaped body plan).
Cnidarian: Are the invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity.
Polyp: The cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted for a life attached to an underwater surfice.
Colony: A group of individual organism living or growing together.
Coral reef: A diverse environtment named for a coral animals that make up its stony structure
Cuticle: The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.
Vascular Tissue: The internal transporting tissue in some plants that is made up of tubelike structure.
Zygote: A fertilized egg, produced by the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Vascular Plant: The internal transporting tissue.
Gametophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.
Nonvascular Plant: A low – growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue.
Sporophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.
Rhizoid: A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.
Frond: The leaf of a fern plant.
Bilateral symmetry: body plane with two halves they are mirror images.
Radial symmetry: the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass thought a central point.
Cell: the basic unit of structure and functions in living things.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ: a structure in the body that is composed of different kids of tissue.
Adaption: a behavior or physical characteristics that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment.
Sexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
Phylum: one of the major group into which bidogist classify members of a kingdom.
Fertilization: the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Asexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parents.
Vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone.
Invertebrate: an animal the does not have backbone
39- key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
mollusk open circulatory system gill gastropod herbivore carnivore omnivore radula bivalve cephalopod arthropod exoskeleton molting antenna crustacean abdomen arachnid metamorphosis insect thorax pupa complete metamorphosis nymph gradual metamorphosis ecology food chain producer consumer decomposer pollinator pesticide biological control echinoderm endoskeleton tube feet water vascular system
1. What characteristics do all plants share?
Nearly all plants are autotrophs all plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells, all of which are surrounded by cell walls.
2. What do plants need to live successfully on land?
Land plants must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies and reproduce
3. What are the different stages of a plants life cycle?
Plants have complex life cycles that include the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.
4. What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?
There are three major groups of nonvascular Plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low – growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water and other nutrients directly from their environment.
5. What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.
6. What characteristics do seed plants share?
Seed plants have vascular tissue.
7. How do seed become new plants?
Seed plants use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
8. What are the main functions of roots, stems and leaves?
Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and mineral. Stems carry substances between roots and leaves, provide support and hold up the leaves. Leaves capture the sun´s energy for photosynthesis.
9. What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce?
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
10. What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
11. How do angiosperms reproduce? All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
12. What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flowers.
13. What are the three stimuli that produce plant responses?
Plant tropisms include responses to touch, light and gravity.
14. How do plants respond to seasonal changes?
Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
15. How long do different angiosperms live?
Angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials or perennials.
16. How are animal bodies typically organized?
Higher levels of structure, including tissues, organ, and systems.
17. What are four major functions of animals?
Obtain food an oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move, and reproduce.
18- How are animals classified?
According to how they are related to others animals. These relationships are determined by an animal´s body structure, the way an animal develops and its DNA
19- What is symmetry?
The balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
20- What can you infer about an animal based on its symmetry?
Depending on their symmetry, animals share some general characteristics.
21- What are the main characteristics of sponges?
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have not body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
22- What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?
Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
23- Why are coral reefs important?
Coral reefs are home to move species of fishes and invertebrates that any other environment on Earth.
24- What are the three main phyla of worms?
Biologist classify worms into three major phyla- flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms.
25- What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms?
Flatworms are flat and soft as jelly, unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube, open at both ends.
Earth worms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.
26- What are the main characteristics of mollusks?
In addition to a soft body often covered by a shell, a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs and an organ called foot.
27- What are the major groups of mollusks and how do they differ?
Gastropods: are mollusks that have a single external shell or no shell at all.
Bivalves: are mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles. Cephalopods: is an ocean-dwellings mollusk whose food is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth.
28- What are the four major groups of arthropods and what are their characteristics?
Crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body and jointed attachments called appendages.
29- How do crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes differ?
Crustaceans: arthropod that has two or three body sections five or more pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Arachnids: are arthropods with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Centipedes and millipedes: are arthropods with two body sections an many pairs of legs.
30- What are the main characteristics of insects?
Are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually on or two pairs of wings.
31- What is one way insects are adapted to obtain particular types of food?
Insect´s mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food.
32- What are two types of metamorphosis that insects undergo?
Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis or gradual metamorphosis.
33- Why are insects important in food chains?
Insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food for other animals.
34- What are the other ways insects interact with their environments?
Two ways insects interact with other living things are by moving pollen among plants and by spreading disease-causing organism.
35- What are some ways used to control insects pest?
To try to control pests, people use chemicals, traps and living things include other insects.
36- What are the main characteristics of echinoderms?
Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton and systems of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system.
37- What are the major groups of echinoderms?
There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
38- key terms
Larva: is an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult.
Medusa: The jellyfish you see in figure 13 is a medusa (The bowl-shaped body plan).
Cnidarian: Are the invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity.
Polyp: The cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted for a life attached to an underwater surfice.
Colony: A group of individual organism living or growing together.
Coral reef: A diverse environtment named for a coral animals that make up its stony structure
Cuticle: The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.
Vascular Tissue: The internal transporting tissue in some plants that is made up of tubelike structure.
Zygote: A fertilized egg, produced by the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Vascular Plant: The internal transporting tissue.
Gametophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.
Nonvascular Plant: A low – growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue.
Sporophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.
Rhizoid: A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.
Frond: The leaf of a fern plant.
Bilateral symmetry: body plane with two halves they are mirror images.
Radial symmetry: the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass thought a central point.
Cell: the basic unit of structure and functions in living things.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ: a structure in the body that is composed of different kids of tissue.
Adaption: a behavior or physical characteristics that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment.
Sexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
Phylum: one of the major group into which bidogist classify members of a kingdom.
Fertilization: the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Asexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parents.
Vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone.
Invertebrate: an animal the does not have backbone
39- key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
mollusk open circulatory system gill gastropod herbivore carnivore omnivore radula bivalve cephalopod arthropod exoskeleton molting antenna crustacean abdomen arachnid metamorphosis insect thorax pupa complete metamorphosis nymph gradual metamorphosis ecology food chain producer consumer decomposer pollinator pesticide biological control echinoderm endoskeleton tube feet water vascular system
Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, 2° examen bimestral de Biología (Science explorer). PARTE 1
Guide 2nd bimonthly exam. Part 1
QUESTIONARY 1
1- What are some patterns of inheritance in humans?
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.
2- What are the functions of sex the chromosomes?
The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male o female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
3- What are two major causes of genetic disorders in human?
Some genetic disorders are causes by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
4- How do geneticists trace the inherence of traits?
One important tool that geneticist use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans is a pedigree
5- How are genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?
Today doctors use tools such as karyotypes to help detect genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped through medical care, education, job training and other methods.
6- What are three ways of producing organisms with desired traits?
Selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits.
7- What is the goal of human genome project?
The main goal of human genome project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.
8- In which organelle of the cell are proteins manufactured?
One the ribosome’s in the cytoplasm of a cell.
9- What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?
Darwin reasons that plants or animals that arrived on the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland. Perhaps, Darwin hypothesized; the species gradually change over many generations and become better adapted to the new conditions.
10- What evidence supports theory of evolution?
Fossils, patterns of early development and similarities body structures all provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
11- How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms?
Scientists have combined the evidence of DNA, protein structure, fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
12- How do new species form?
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains insolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.
13- Homologus structures: Body parts that are structurally similar in related species and that provide the evidence of a common ancestor
14- Branching tree: A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of the organisms are related.
15- How do most fossils from?
When organisms that die become buried is sediments.
16- How can scientists determine a fossil’s age?
Scientist can determine a fossil’s age I two ways: in relative dating and radioactive acting.
17- What is the Geologic Time Scale?
The calendar of earth´s history is some times called the Geologic Time Scale.
18- What are some un answered questions, about evolution?
Two unanswered questions about evolution involve mass extinctions and the rate at which evolutions occurs.
19- How are viruses like organisms?
That they can multiple.
20- What is the structure of a virus?
All viruses have two basic parts: an outer coat that protects the virus and an inner code made of genetic material.
21- How do viruses multiply?
Once inside the cell the Virus gene material takes over many of the cells functions. The genetic material instructs the cell to produce the virus´s proteins and genetic material, these protein and genetic material then assemble into a new viruses.
22- How can you treat a viral disease?
Resting-drinking plenty of fluids, and eating well balanced meals maybe all you can do while you recover from a viral disease.
23- How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells in not contained in nucleus.
24- What do bacteria need to survive?
Bacteria must have source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release energy.
25- Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?
When bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other suitable conditions, they thrive and reproduce frequently.
26- What positive roles do bacteria play in people´s live?
Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and cleanup and in health maintenance and medicine production.
27- What are the characteristics of animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protists?
Animal like protists are heterotrophs and most are able to move from place to obtain food, in plant-like protists, algae are autotrophs and in fungus-like protists are heterotrophs, have a cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
28- What characteristic do fungi share?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have a cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.
29- How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi usually reproduce by making spores. These spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through air or water to new sites.
30- What roles do fungi play in the nature?
Many fungi provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recycle on earth. Some fungi cause disease and others can use in health maintenance and medicine production.
31- Key Terms
Virus= A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Host= The organisms that a parasite or virus lives in or on.
Parasite= The organisms that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction.
Vaccine= A substance used in a vaccitination that consists of weakened or killed pathogens.
Bactriophage= A virus that infects bacteria.
Fungi: a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is the heterothrop that feeds by absolving its food.
hyphae: the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
fruiting body: the reproductive structure of a fungus that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
Budding: a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Lichen: the combination of a fungus and either an alga or an autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship
key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
Multiple alleles sex-linked gene sex chromosomes carrier genetic disorder pedigree karyotype selective breeding inbreeding
hybridization clone spore genetic engineering gene therapygenome species fossils adaptation evolution variation
scientific theory natural selection bacteria flagellum
binary fission asexual reproduction sexual reproduction conjugation
endoscope pasteurization decomposer protist protozoan
pseudopod contractile vacuole cilia symbiosis mutualism algae
QUESTIONARY 1
1- What are some patterns of inheritance in humans?
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.
2- What are the functions of sex the chromosomes?
The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male o female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
3- What are two major causes of genetic disorders in human?
Some genetic disorders are causes by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
4- How do geneticists trace the inherence of traits?
One important tool that geneticist use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans is a pedigree
5- How are genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?
Today doctors use tools such as karyotypes to help detect genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped through medical care, education, job training and other methods.
6- What are three ways of producing organisms with desired traits?
Selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits.
7- What is the goal of human genome project?
The main goal of human genome project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.
8- In which organelle of the cell are proteins manufactured?
One the ribosome’s in the cytoplasm of a cell.
9- What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?
Darwin reasons that plants or animals that arrived on the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland. Perhaps, Darwin hypothesized; the species gradually change over many generations and become better adapted to the new conditions.
10- What evidence supports theory of evolution?
Fossils, patterns of early development and similarities body structures all provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
11- How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms?
Scientists have combined the evidence of DNA, protein structure, fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
12- How do new species form?
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains insolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.
13- Homologus structures: Body parts that are structurally similar in related species and that provide the evidence of a common ancestor
14- Branching tree: A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of the organisms are related.
15- How do most fossils from?
When organisms that die become buried is sediments.
16- How can scientists determine a fossil’s age?
Scientist can determine a fossil’s age I two ways: in relative dating and radioactive acting.
17- What is the Geologic Time Scale?
The calendar of earth´s history is some times called the Geologic Time Scale.
18- What are some un answered questions, about evolution?
Two unanswered questions about evolution involve mass extinctions and the rate at which evolutions occurs.
19- How are viruses like organisms?
That they can multiple.
20- What is the structure of a virus?
All viruses have two basic parts: an outer coat that protects the virus and an inner code made of genetic material.
21- How do viruses multiply?
Once inside the cell the Virus gene material takes over many of the cells functions. The genetic material instructs the cell to produce the virus´s proteins and genetic material, these protein and genetic material then assemble into a new viruses.
22- How can you treat a viral disease?
Resting-drinking plenty of fluids, and eating well balanced meals maybe all you can do while you recover from a viral disease.
23- How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells in not contained in nucleus.
24- What do bacteria need to survive?
Bacteria must have source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release energy.
25- Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?
When bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other suitable conditions, they thrive and reproduce frequently.
26- What positive roles do bacteria play in people´s live?
Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and cleanup and in health maintenance and medicine production.
27- What are the characteristics of animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protists?
Animal like protists are heterotrophs and most are able to move from place to obtain food, in plant-like protists, algae are autotrophs and in fungus-like protists are heterotrophs, have a cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
28- What characteristic do fungi share?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have a cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.
29- How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi usually reproduce by making spores. These spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through air or water to new sites.
30- What roles do fungi play in the nature?
Many fungi provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recycle on earth. Some fungi cause disease and others can use in health maintenance and medicine production.
31- Key Terms
Virus= A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Host= The organisms that a parasite or virus lives in or on.
Parasite= The organisms that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction.
Vaccine= A substance used in a vaccitination that consists of weakened or killed pathogens.
Bactriophage= A virus that infects bacteria.
Fungi: a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is the heterothrop that feeds by absolving its food.
hyphae: the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
fruiting body: the reproductive structure of a fungus that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
Budding: a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Lichen: the combination of a fungus and either an alga or an autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship
key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
Multiple alleles sex-linked gene sex chromosomes carrier genetic disorder pedigree karyotype selective breeding inbreeding
hybridization clone spore genetic engineering gene therapygenome species fossils adaptation evolution variation
scientific theory natural selection bacteria flagellum
binary fission asexual reproduction sexual reproduction conjugation
endoscope pasteurization decomposer protist protozoan
pseudopod contractile vacuole cilia symbiosis mutualism algae
miércoles, 14 de octubre de 2009
Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, Primer examen parcial de Biología (Science explorer)
Answer the next guide, study the key concepts and key terms for bimonthly exam.
1st Guide for Bimonthly Exam.
1. A way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2. A deal with descriptions that cannot be express in numbers.
3. Involves creating representations of complex objects or processes and helps people to study and understand things that are complex or that can’t be observed directly.
4. To consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and proposes explanations based on evidence they gather.
5. Processes to try answer the question. It is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answers to a scientific question.
6. An important part of the scientific inquiry process. It's the sharing of ideas results and experimental findings with others through writing and speaking.
7. It is how people change the world around them to meet their needs ands solve practical problems.
8. What to do in case of burns during any scientific investigation in the lab?
9. It is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
10. It is the organism to be composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks?
11. It is the process of changing what occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
12. The organisms that make their own food are called:
13. The organisms that cannot make their own food are called:
14. To keep internal conditions just right for cells to function:
15. In the mid-1800s, a French chemist designed some controlled experiments that demonstrated that new bacteria appeared in broth only when they are reduced by existing bacteria.
16. In the 1600s, an Italian doctor desiged a controlled experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.
17. In 1590 he invented the first compound of the microscope. It was a tube with lens at each end.
18. In 1674 he invented the simple microscope. It used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.
19. He was the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells.
20. In 1663 he observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells. Concluding that all plants are made of cells.
21. Concluded that all animals are made of cells.
22. Proposed “All cells come from cells”.
23. It's a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce
24. It's the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
25. the study of how living things are classify.
26. It is a group classification that contains similar closely related organisms.
27. It is the kingdom where the organisms can not be classified as animals and their organisms can be Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular:
28. It is the kingdom where the organisms are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs, some examples are mushrooms, molds and mildew.
29. The kingdom where the organisms are multicellular eukaryontes and autrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs.
30. All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.
31. Facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
32. A dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
33. The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
34. The person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
35. The structure of the cell that Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
36. These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
37. These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.
38. Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.
39. A large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc.
40. The fats oil and waxes are a energy organic compound because contain they even more energy than carbohydrates.
41. Very long organic molecules made of CHOP and nucleic acids that contain the instructions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.
42. Food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks it down into glucose that your cells can use to produce energy.
43. In this process the result product is the oxygen.
44. In this process the result product is the water and carbon dioxide.
45. During this process the autotrophs use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water in oxygen and sugar.
46. A colored chemical that absorb Light in plants.
47. A green pigment found in the chloroplants of plants algae and some bacteria.
48. A small opening on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
49. Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and small amount of energy.
50. Takes place in you body went your muscle cells uses up the oxygen faster than they can replace it. One of their effects is feel painful sensation in your muscles.
“Key terms.”
1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.
3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.
4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.
5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.
6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).
7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.
8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.
9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.
10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.
12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.
13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.
14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.
15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.
16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food
19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food
20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.
21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
23.-Variable: An amount of things.
24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.
25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.
26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.
27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.
28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.
30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.
32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.
33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.
34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.
36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.
“Key concepts.”
1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.
2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
3.-What makes a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.
4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…
5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.
6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.
7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.
8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.
1st Guide for Bimonthly Exam.
1. A way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2. A deal with descriptions that cannot be express in numbers.
3. Involves creating representations of complex objects or processes and helps people to study and understand things that are complex or that can’t be observed directly.
4. To consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and proposes explanations based on evidence they gather.
5. Processes to try answer the question. It is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answers to a scientific question.
6. An important part of the scientific inquiry process. It's the sharing of ideas results and experimental findings with others through writing and speaking.
7. It is how people change the world around them to meet their needs ands solve practical problems.
8. What to do in case of burns during any scientific investigation in the lab?
9. It is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
10. It is the organism to be composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks?
11. It is the process of changing what occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
12. The organisms that make their own food are called:
13. The organisms that cannot make their own food are called:
14. To keep internal conditions just right for cells to function:
15. In the mid-1800s, a French chemist designed some controlled experiments that demonstrated that new bacteria appeared in broth only when they are reduced by existing bacteria.
16. In the 1600s, an Italian doctor desiged a controlled experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.
17. In 1590 he invented the first compound of the microscope. It was a tube with lens at each end.
18. In 1674 he invented the simple microscope. It used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.
19. He was the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells.
20. In 1663 he observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells. Concluding that all plants are made of cells.
21. Concluded that all animals are made of cells.
22. Proposed “All cells come from cells”.
23. It's a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce
24. It's the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
25. the study of how living things are classify.
26. It is a group classification that contains similar closely related organisms.
27. It is the kingdom where the organisms can not be classified as animals and their organisms can be Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular:
28. It is the kingdom where the organisms are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs, some examples are mushrooms, molds and mildew.
29. The kingdom where the organisms are multicellular eukaryontes and autrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs.
30. All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.
31. Facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
32. A dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
33. The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
34. The person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
35. The structure of the cell that Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
36. These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
37. These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.
38. Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.
39. A large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc.
40. The fats oil and waxes are a energy organic compound because contain they even more energy than carbohydrates.
41. Very long organic molecules made of CHOP and nucleic acids that contain the instructions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.
42. Food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks it down into glucose that your cells can use to produce energy.
43. In this process the result product is the oxygen.
44. In this process the result product is the water and carbon dioxide.
45. During this process the autotrophs use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water in oxygen and sugar.
46. A colored chemical that absorb Light in plants.
47. A green pigment found in the chloroplants of plants algae and some bacteria.
48. A small opening on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
49. Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and small amount of energy.
50. Takes place in you body went your muscle cells uses up the oxygen faster than they can replace it. One of their effects is feel painful sensation in your muscles.
“Key terms.”
1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.
3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.
4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.
5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.
6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).
7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.
8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.
9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.
10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.
12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.
13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.
14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.
15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.
16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food
19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food
20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.
21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
23.-Variable: An amount of things.
24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.
25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.
26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.
27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.
28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.
30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.
32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.
33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.
34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.
36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.
“Key concepts.”
1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.
2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
3.-What makes a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.
4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…
5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.
6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.
7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.
8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.
lunes, 12 de octubre de 2009
GUIA PARA BACHILLERATO. SEGUNDO EXAMEN PARCIAL DE BIOLOGÍA II
1. ¿Cuándo se realiza el entrecruzamiento cromosómico?
2. La migración con cruzamiento o flujo genético ¿qué favorece?
3. Define variabilidad
4. Las principales fuente de variabilidad genética son…
5. ¿Qué son las MUTACIONES?
6. La ley de Hardy-Weinberg dice que las poblaciones grandes y estabilizadas pueden existir indefinidamente, mientras las condiciones permanezcan…
7. A la totalidad de los alelos de cada gen en una población se le da el nombre de…
8. ¿Qué es la deriva?
9. ¿Quién clasificó por primera vez a los animales de acuerdo con su orden de complejidad?
10. Es la idea de la inmutabilidad de las especies…
11. ¿Qué es el transformismo?
12. ¿Qué es el evolucionismo?
13. Ideó la clasificación por “nomenclatura binominal”…
14. A pesar de sus errores fue un notable evolucionista…
15. Propuso la “Teoría del uso y desuso”…
16. Charles Darwin fue a las Islas Galápagos ¿Qué nombre tenía su velero?
17. La “Teoría de la selección natural” de Darwin fue igual a la de…
18. ¿Cuántos años duró la investigación de Darwin antes de la publicación de su libro?
19. ¿En qué año se publicó el libro “El origen de las especies”?
20. ¿Qué nombre se leda a cualquier evidencia que revela la existencia de vida pasada?
21. La petrificación es…
22. Las pisadas y rastros de animales se hicieron sobre materiales blandos, posteriormente…
23. A los organismos que quedaron impresos en materiales como hielo, asfalto, etc. ¿qué tipo de fósiles son?
24. Son unidades de tiempo en las que se divide la historia de la tierra.
25. Los “relojes radioactivos” son:
26. El “melanismo industrial” es un ejemplo claro de…
27. Las estructuras análogas y las homólogas son evidencias evolutivas aportadas por:
28. La Embriología comparada estudia :
29. ¿Cuáles son los postulados de Haeckel sobre la filogenia?
30. Son las similitudes químicas y fisiológicas de los seres vivos que revelan ancestros comunes.
31. Similitudes y diferencias entre plantas y animales de distintos continentes.
32. Clasifica a los organismos de acuerdo con sus relaciones filogenéticas.
33. Integra los conocimientos genéticos con el principio de Selección natural.
34. De acuerdo con la secuencia de nucleótidos que forman al ADN, determina el grado de parentesco evolutivo.
35. Sólo se presenta en los individuos de reproducción sexual.
36. Mecanismo evolutivo en el cual las poblaciones con características más favorables sobreviven.
37. Es el éxito de los individuos favorecidos por la Selección natural.
38. Actúa separando a una población previamente homogénea.
39. Ajustes estructurales, fisiológicas, conductuales, etc.
40. Formación de nuevas especies a partir de las preexistentes.
41. Barreras geográficas que separan poblaciones.
42. Los pinzones de Darwin sufrieron ¿qué tipo de especiación sufrieron?
43. Es la divergencia entre dos genotipos, dentro de la misma área geográfica.
44. Especie anterior al hombre moderno la cual pertenece el hombre de Java o el hombre de Pekín.
45. Es la especie del hombre actual.
46. Es la suma progresiva de conocimientos, experiencias y patrones.
47.- ¿Qué es un pinzón?
48.- ¿Qué es fijismo?
49.- ¿En qué época apareció el hombre y en qué época evolucionó?
50.- ¿Qué es un híbrido?
51.- ¿Cuáles son las características del Homo erectus?
52.- ¿Qué es mutación?
53.- ¿Qué fue lo único que le faltó al trabajo de Darwin?
54.- ¿A qué se le conoce como Selección natural?
47. Estudia los siguientes conceptos:
• Evidencias taxonómicas.
• Teoría sintética de la evolución.
• Entrecruzamiento cromosómico.
• Evolución cultural.
• Selección desorganizada.
• Adaptaciones.
• Competencia.
• Evidencias bioquímicas y fisiológicas.
• Selección natural.
• Selección direccional.
• Aislamiento geográfico.
• Especiación alopátrica o geográfica.
• Homo erectus.
• Especiación.
• Evidencias por la distribución geográfica.
• Biología molecular.
• Especiación simpátrica.
• Homo sapiens sapiens.
2. La migración con cruzamiento o flujo genético ¿qué favorece?
3. Define variabilidad
4. Las principales fuente de variabilidad genética son…
5. ¿Qué son las MUTACIONES?
6. La ley de Hardy-Weinberg dice que las poblaciones grandes y estabilizadas pueden existir indefinidamente, mientras las condiciones permanezcan…
7. A la totalidad de los alelos de cada gen en una población se le da el nombre de…
8. ¿Qué es la deriva?
9. ¿Quién clasificó por primera vez a los animales de acuerdo con su orden de complejidad?
10. Es la idea de la inmutabilidad de las especies…
11. ¿Qué es el transformismo?
12. ¿Qué es el evolucionismo?
13. Ideó la clasificación por “nomenclatura binominal”…
14. A pesar de sus errores fue un notable evolucionista…
15. Propuso la “Teoría del uso y desuso”…
16. Charles Darwin fue a las Islas Galápagos ¿Qué nombre tenía su velero?
17. La “Teoría de la selección natural” de Darwin fue igual a la de…
18. ¿Cuántos años duró la investigación de Darwin antes de la publicación de su libro?
19. ¿En qué año se publicó el libro “El origen de las especies”?
20. ¿Qué nombre se leda a cualquier evidencia que revela la existencia de vida pasada?
21. La petrificación es…
22. Las pisadas y rastros de animales se hicieron sobre materiales blandos, posteriormente…
23. A los organismos que quedaron impresos en materiales como hielo, asfalto, etc. ¿qué tipo de fósiles son?
24. Son unidades de tiempo en las que se divide la historia de la tierra.
25. Los “relojes radioactivos” son:
26. El “melanismo industrial” es un ejemplo claro de…
27. Las estructuras análogas y las homólogas son evidencias evolutivas aportadas por:
28. La Embriología comparada estudia :
29. ¿Cuáles son los postulados de Haeckel sobre la filogenia?
30. Son las similitudes químicas y fisiológicas de los seres vivos que revelan ancestros comunes.
31. Similitudes y diferencias entre plantas y animales de distintos continentes.
32. Clasifica a los organismos de acuerdo con sus relaciones filogenéticas.
33. Integra los conocimientos genéticos con el principio de Selección natural.
34. De acuerdo con la secuencia de nucleótidos que forman al ADN, determina el grado de parentesco evolutivo.
35. Sólo se presenta en los individuos de reproducción sexual.
36. Mecanismo evolutivo en el cual las poblaciones con características más favorables sobreviven.
37. Es el éxito de los individuos favorecidos por la Selección natural.
38. Actúa separando a una población previamente homogénea.
39. Ajustes estructurales, fisiológicas, conductuales, etc.
40. Formación de nuevas especies a partir de las preexistentes.
41. Barreras geográficas que separan poblaciones.
42. Los pinzones de Darwin sufrieron ¿qué tipo de especiación sufrieron?
43. Es la divergencia entre dos genotipos, dentro de la misma área geográfica.
44. Especie anterior al hombre moderno la cual pertenece el hombre de Java o el hombre de Pekín.
45. Es la especie del hombre actual.
46. Es la suma progresiva de conocimientos, experiencias y patrones.
47.- ¿Qué es un pinzón?
48.- ¿Qué es fijismo?
49.- ¿En qué época apareció el hombre y en qué época evolucionó?
50.- ¿Qué es un híbrido?
51.- ¿Cuáles son las características del Homo erectus?
52.- ¿Qué es mutación?
53.- ¿Qué fue lo único que le faltó al trabajo de Darwin?
54.- ¿A qué se le conoce como Selección natural?
47. Estudia los siguientes conceptos:
• Evidencias taxonómicas.
• Teoría sintética de la evolución.
• Entrecruzamiento cromosómico.
• Evolución cultural.
• Selección desorganizada.
• Adaptaciones.
• Competencia.
• Evidencias bioquímicas y fisiológicas.
• Selección natural.
• Selección direccional.
• Aislamiento geográfico.
• Especiación alopátrica o geográfica.
• Homo erectus.
• Especiación.
• Evidencias por la distribución geográfica.
• Biología molecular.
• Especiación simpátrica.
• Homo sapiens sapiens.
Guia para Bachillerato, 2° examen parcial de Ciencias de la salud
1.-Segmentos del cuerpo humano y partes que los conforman. Ej. Extremidad superior: brazo ante brazo, mano.
2.- Definición de:
a) aparato
b) sistema
c) célula
d) órgano
3.- Reconocer la etimología (significado delas palabras) de Hipertensión, Retroversión, Faringitis, Apnea, Taquicardia, etc.
4.- Estudio de los planos anatómicos en que se divide el cuerpo :
5.- La mayoría de los productos de la digestión se absorben en:
6.-Las glándulas salivales, a través de su enzima antevienen en la digestión de:
7.- Órgano donde se produce el quimo:
8.- Función de los siguientes órganos:
a) Boca
b) esófago
c) Estomago
d) hígado
e) páncreas
f) vesícula biliar
g) intestino grueso
9.- Células sanguíneas que se encargan de la defensa del organismo:
10.-Función de las siguientes Células sanguíneas: eritrocitos, leucocitos, plaquetas.
11.- Estudia la circulación general.
12.- Identifica los paquetes sanguíneos de mayor importancia en el cuerpo humano.
13.-El numero normal de eritrocitos por micro litro de sangre es de:
14.- Define: diástole, sístole, infarto.
15.-Órgano encargado de la fonación:
16.-Es el intercambio de O2 y CO2 en los alveolos pulmonares:
17.-La frecuencia cardiaca normal de un adulto es de:
18.-La presión arterial normal de un adulto es de:
19.- La frecuencia respiratoria normal de un adulto es de:
20.-Estudiar dentro del sistema linfático los siguientes elementos: vasos linfáticos, tonsilas, timo, ganglios linfáticos, bazo.
21.-Órgano que fagocita bacterias, eritrocitos y trombocitos envejecidos, produce linfocitos, monocitos, etc.
22.- Estudio de los huesos planos, largos, etc. y donde predomina según su clasificación. Ej. Huesos planos predominan en el cráneo.
23.- Nombre de los principales huesos que forman el esqueleto del brazo, las piernas, el cráneo, el tronco y la columna:
24.-Es una función de los huesos:
25.-Las articulaciones en general son estructuras:
26.-Es una articulación fibrosa:
27.-El musculo esquelético es:
28.-Las propiedades fisiológicas de los músculos son:
29.-Es una función de los músculos:
30.-La síntesis de vitamina D se lleva a cabo en:
31.-Es una función de la piel:
32.-Segmento de la nefrona que filtra la sangre:
33.- Parte del sistema urinario encargado del transporte de orina al exterior:
34.- Estudia la función de las siguientes estructuras anatómicas:
a) ureter
b) pelvis renal
c) uretra
d) vejiga urinaria
e) riñon
35.-La función de los riñones está relacionada fundamentalmente con:
36.- La función de las diferentes estructuras del sistema reproductor masculino y femenino:
a) epidídimo
b) conducto eyaculador
c) testículo
d) vesícula seminal
e) escroto
f) pene
g) Útero
h) Vagina
i) Trompas de Falopio
j) ovarios
37.-Sitio donde terminan de madurar los espermatozoides:
38.-Una función de la vagina es:
39.-El ciclo menstrual:
40.-Las glándulas endocrinas sintetizan:
41.-Permite la entrada de la glucosa a la célula:
42.-Estimula a la hipófisis (pituitaria):
43.- Regula el metabolismo de las células del organismo:
44.-Interviene al principio de una situación de estrés:
45.-La unión funcional entre dos neuronas por neurotransmisores se llama:
46.-El sistema nervioso central se divide en:
47.-La escritura y la conducción de un automóvil son ejemplos de:
48.-Es la unidad funcional del sistema nervioso:
49.-El receptor del sentido de la vista está en:
50.-El recetor de la audición se localiza en:
51.-El oído mantiene el equilibrio a través de:
52.-Cuando se pierde la elasticidad de la lente (cristalino):
53.-El sentido del gusto depende de:
2.- Definición de:
a) aparato
b) sistema
c) célula
d) órgano
3.- Reconocer la etimología (significado delas palabras) de Hipertensión, Retroversión, Faringitis, Apnea, Taquicardia, etc.
4.- Estudio de los planos anatómicos en que se divide el cuerpo :
5.- La mayoría de los productos de la digestión se absorben en:
6.-Las glándulas salivales, a través de su enzima antevienen en la digestión de:
7.- Órgano donde se produce el quimo:
8.- Función de los siguientes órganos:
a) Boca
b) esófago
c) Estomago
d) hígado
e) páncreas
f) vesícula biliar
g) intestino grueso
9.- Células sanguíneas que se encargan de la defensa del organismo:
10.-Función de las siguientes Células sanguíneas: eritrocitos, leucocitos, plaquetas.
11.- Estudia la circulación general.
12.- Identifica los paquetes sanguíneos de mayor importancia en el cuerpo humano.
13.-El numero normal de eritrocitos por micro litro de sangre es de:
14.- Define: diástole, sístole, infarto.
15.-Órgano encargado de la fonación:
16.-Es el intercambio de O2 y CO2 en los alveolos pulmonares:
17.-La frecuencia cardiaca normal de un adulto es de:
18.-La presión arterial normal de un adulto es de:
19.- La frecuencia respiratoria normal de un adulto es de:
20.-Estudiar dentro del sistema linfático los siguientes elementos: vasos linfáticos, tonsilas, timo, ganglios linfáticos, bazo.
21.-Órgano que fagocita bacterias, eritrocitos y trombocitos envejecidos, produce linfocitos, monocitos, etc.
22.- Estudio de los huesos planos, largos, etc. y donde predomina según su clasificación. Ej. Huesos planos predominan en el cráneo.
23.- Nombre de los principales huesos que forman el esqueleto del brazo, las piernas, el cráneo, el tronco y la columna:
24.-Es una función de los huesos:
25.-Las articulaciones en general son estructuras:
26.-Es una articulación fibrosa:
27.-El musculo esquelético es:
28.-Las propiedades fisiológicas de los músculos son:
29.-Es una función de los músculos:
30.-La síntesis de vitamina D se lleva a cabo en:
31.-Es una función de la piel:
32.-Segmento de la nefrona que filtra la sangre:
33.- Parte del sistema urinario encargado del transporte de orina al exterior:
34.- Estudia la función de las siguientes estructuras anatómicas:
a) ureter
b) pelvis renal
c) uretra
d) vejiga urinaria
e) riñon
35.-La función de los riñones está relacionada fundamentalmente con:
36.- La función de las diferentes estructuras del sistema reproductor masculino y femenino:
a) epidídimo
b) conducto eyaculador
c) testículo
d) vesícula seminal
e) escroto
f) pene
g) Útero
h) Vagina
i) Trompas de Falopio
j) ovarios
37.-Sitio donde terminan de madurar los espermatozoides:
38.-Una función de la vagina es:
39.-El ciclo menstrual:
40.-Las glándulas endocrinas sintetizan:
41.-Permite la entrada de la glucosa a la célula:
42.-Estimula a la hipófisis (pituitaria):
43.- Regula el metabolismo de las células del organismo:
44.-Interviene al principio de una situación de estrés:
45.-La unión funcional entre dos neuronas por neurotransmisores se llama:
46.-El sistema nervioso central se divide en:
47.-La escritura y la conducción de un automóvil son ejemplos de:
48.-Es la unidad funcional del sistema nervioso:
49.-El receptor del sentido de la vista está en:
50.-El recetor de la audición se localiza en:
51.-El oído mantiene el equilibrio a través de:
52.-Cuando se pierde la elasticidad de la lente (cristalino):
53.-El sentido del gusto depende de:
sábado, 10 de octubre de 2009
Mendel´s work (p110-115)
In the mid nineteen century a priest named Gregory Mendel discovery the heredity. Heredity is the passing of physical characteristics is called trait. Mendel discoveries form the foundation of generals, the scientific study of heredity.
Mendel´s experiments:
Mendel crossed plants that had different traits and developed a method by which is cross pollinated or “crossed” pea plants. In the experiments they use the fertilization. Fertilization is the process to form when egg and sperm. He started his experiments with pea plants. A purebred organism is the offspring of many of many generations that have the same trait.
Mendel reached several conclusions on the basis of his experimental use.
The factors that consist each trait exist in pairs. The female parent contributes the other factor. Today scientists use the word gene for the factor that controls a trait. Alleles are the different forms of alleles are dominant, while other alleles are recessive. A recessive alleles will only show up if the organism does not have the dominant allele.
The importance of Mendel´s discovery was not recognized during his lifetime. Then in 1900 three different scientists rediscovered Mendel´s work. These scientists quickly recognized the importance of Mendel´s ideas.
By Monique Velasco Saldaña
Mendel´s experiments:
Mendel crossed plants that had different traits and developed a method by which is cross pollinated or “crossed” pea plants. In the experiments they use the fertilization. Fertilization is the process to form when egg and sperm. He started his experiments with pea plants. A purebred organism is the offspring of many of many generations that have the same trait.
Mendel reached several conclusions on the basis of his experimental use.
The factors that consist each trait exist in pairs. The female parent contributes the other factor. Today scientists use the word gene for the factor that controls a trait. Alleles are the different forms of alleles are dominant, while other alleles are recessive. A recessive alleles will only show up if the organism does not have the dominant allele.
The importance of Mendel´s discovery was not recognized during his lifetime. Then in 1900 three different scientists rediscovered Mendel´s work. These scientists quickly recognized the importance of Mendel´s ideas.
By Monique Velasco Saldaña
lunes, 5 de octubre de 2009
The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.
Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.
Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.
By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.
Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.
Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.
By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.
Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.
Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.
By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.
Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.
Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.
By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
Key Terms (Page 80)
Selectively Permeable: A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass trough, while others cannot.
Diffusion: The process by wich molecules come from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Passive Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using cells energy.
Active Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
Diffusion: The process by wich molecules come from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Passive Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using cells energy.
Active Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13
domingo, 4 de octubre de 2009
key terms
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food.
AUTOTROPH: invertebrate that has an external skeleton a segment body and jointed appendages.
HETEROTROPH: Is an organism that cannot make its own food.
PIGMENT: a colored chemical that absorb Light.
CHLOROPHYLL: a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants algae and some bacteria.
STOMATO: small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
Raquel Gastelum Kikushima M1108
AUTOTROPH: invertebrate that has an external skeleton a segment body and jointed appendages.
HETEROTROPH: Is an organism that cannot make its own food.
PIGMENT: a colored chemical that absorb Light.
CHLOROPHYLL: a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants algae and some bacteria.
STOMATO: small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
Raquel Gastelum Kikushima M1108
KEY TERMS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food.
AUTOTROPH: invertebrate that has an external skeleton a segment body and jointed appendages.
HETEROTROPH: Is an organism that cannot make its own food.
PIGMENT: a colored chemical that absorb Light.
CHLOROPHYLL: a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants algae and some bacteria.
STOMATO: small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
Raquel Gastelum Kikushima
M1108
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration:
Is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose.
Stage #1:
In the cytoplasm glucose is broken down into smaller molecules
Stage #2:
In the mitochondria, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide
Respiration
“Breathing” this is the action to moving air in and out o your livings. Breaking brings oxygen, witch really necessary of the cellular respiration in your lungs
Photosynthesis vs Cellular respiration
In the photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugar and oxygen; in the cellular repiration Sugar and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic respiration.
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food without using oxygen this cells obtend their energy though fermentation.The fermentation provides energy from cells without using oxygen.
Types of fermentation:
#1 Alcoholic fermentation: Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars. This process is some times called alcoholic fermentation, because some one of the products is the alcohol. The others products are carbon dioxide and smalls amount of energy.
#2 Lactic acid fermentation: This take place in your muscle when the cells used up the oxygen faster that it Could be replaced, because your cells lacked oxygen, fermentations occurred and supplied the oxygen. When lactic acid builds up you feed a painful sensation in your muscles.
By Jimena Santana González M1127 and Andrea Ramírez Vernis M1227
Is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose.
Stage #1:
In the cytoplasm glucose is broken down into smaller molecules
Stage #2:
In the mitochondria, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide
Respiration
“Breathing” this is the action to moving air in and out o your livings. Breaking brings oxygen, witch really necessary of the cellular respiration in your lungs
Photosynthesis vs Cellular respiration
In the photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugar and oxygen; in the cellular repiration Sugar and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic respiration.
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food without using oxygen this cells obtend their energy though fermentation.The fermentation provides energy from cells without using oxygen.
Types of fermentation:
#1 Alcoholic fermentation: Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars. This process is some times called alcoholic fermentation, because some one of the products is the alcohol. The others products are carbon dioxide and smalls amount of energy.
#2 Lactic acid fermentation: This take place in your muscle when the cells used up the oxygen faster that it Could be replaced, because your cells lacked oxygen, fermentations occurred and supplied the oxygen. When lactic acid builds up you feed a painful sensation in your muscles.
By Jimena Santana González M1127 and Andrea Ramírez Vernis M1227
jueves, 24 de septiembre de 2009
Homework:
Vegetables Carbohydrates (g)
Nopal 3.1
Lettuce 4.0
Tomato 4.4
Green pepper 4.0
Mushroom 4.0
Habanero chili 3.6
Broccoli 3.7
Parsley 3.2
Carrot 3.7
Radish 3.0
Bibliography:sistema mexicano de alimentos.
Nopal 3.1
Lettuce 4.0
Tomato 4.4
Green pepper 4.0
Mushroom 4.0
Habanero chili 3.6
Broccoli 3.7
Parsley 3.2
Carrot 3.7
Radish 3.0
Bibliography:sistema mexicano de alimentos.
By Alvaro Gerardo Hernández A.
M13
Chemicals compounds in cells
Elements: an element is any substance that can not be broken down into simple substances.
Compounds: are two or more elements combine chemically.
The compound call water: the water molecule is made of two-hydrogen atorms and one oxygen atorm. Most chemical reactions within cell couldn’ take place without water .
Organic and inorganic compound:
* most compounds contain carbon, this are called organism compounds
carbohydrates: food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks down it into gluise that your cells can use to produce energy.
Lipids: fats oil and waxes are a energy-rits organic compound because contain seven more energy than carbohydrates.
Proteins: are a large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc…
*Protein molecules are made of amino-acids.
*Proteins make up many of the organelles within the cell and some structures in the human body.
*An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.
Nucleic acids: are very long organic molewles made of CHOP and nucleic acids contain the structions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.
There are two kinds of nucleic acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed romp rents to offspring.
RNA deoxyribonucleic acid : plays an important tale in the production of proteins.
Compounds: are two or more elements combine chemically.
The compound call water: the water molecule is made of two-hydrogen atorms and one oxygen atorm. Most chemical reactions within cell couldn’ take place without water .
Organic and inorganic compound:
* most compounds contain carbon, this are called organism compounds
carbohydrates: food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks down it into gluise that your cells can use to produce energy.
Lipids: fats oil and waxes are a energy-rits organic compound because contain seven more energy than carbohydrates.
Proteins: are a large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc…
*Protein molecules are made of amino-acids.
*Proteins make up many of the organelles within the cell and some structures in the human body.
*An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.
Nucleic acids: are very long organic molewles made of CHOP and nucleic acids contain the structions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.
There are two kinds of nucleic acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed romp rents to offspring.
RNA deoxyribonucleic acid : plays an important tale in the production of proteins.
By Regina Lara Ibañez
M13
Looking inside Cells (p.60-67)
“COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS”
Nucleus: Directs all of the cells activities including reproduction.
Mitochondria: Most of the cell’s enemy produced within these rod-shaped organelles.
Cytoplasm: Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
Ribosome: These small structures function as factories to produce proteins. Ribosome may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or they may float in the cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane: Since an animal cell does not have a cell wall, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.
Vacuole: Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.
Lysosome: These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.
Cell Wall: In a plant cell, a stiff wall surrounds the membrane giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape.
Chloroplast: These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
Nucleus: Directs all of the cells activities including reproduction.
Mitochondria: Most of the cell’s enemy produced within these rod-shaped organelles.
Cytoplasm: Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
Ribosome: These small structures function as factories to produce proteins. Ribosome may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or they may float in the cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane: Since an animal cell does not have a cell wall, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.
Vacuole: Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.
Lysosome: These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.
Cell Wall: In a plant cell, a stiff wall surrounds the membrane giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape.
Chloroplast: These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
By Javier García
M12
Discovery Cells (PGS.50-57)
The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A Microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look longer by using lenses.
Teach and design a history.
1590. - First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen it was a tube with lenses at each end.
1660. – Hooke’s compound microscopes include an oil lamp for lighting.
1674. – Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope used only one tiny lenses; it could magnified a specimen up to 266 times.
1886. – Modern compound microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss compound light microscope with complex lenses a mirror focuses light up through the specimen magnify a specimen to 1000 times.
1933. – (TEM) Transmit ion Elector microscope Ernest Ruska. Terms and electrons through a many thin slices specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500000 times.
1965. – (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope. And seem sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is the three dimensional image of the specimen surface SEM´s can magnify a specimen up to 150000 times.
1981. – Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) an STM measures electrons that leak, or “tunnel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1000000 times.
What the Cell Theory Says Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others helped develop the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
The cell theory states the following:
· All living things are composed of cells.
· Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
· All cells are produced from other cells.
The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or how small. Since cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about the functions that living things perform. Because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth and reproduction.
BY Jose Vila Reyes
M11
lunes, 21 de septiembre de 2009
Discovering cells
Robert Hooke: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork, and found that it was made up of cells.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: At the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.
1838 Schleiden concluded that all the plants are made of cells.
1839 Schwann concluded that all the animals are made of cells.
1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.
domingo, 20 de septiembre de 2009
“Key terms and Key concepts”
“Key terms.”
1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.
3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.
4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.
5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.
6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).
7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.
8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.
9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.
10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.
12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.
13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.
14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.
15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.
16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food
19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food
20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.
21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
23.-Variable: An amount of things.
24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.
25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.
26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.
27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.
28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.
30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.
32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.
33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.
34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.
36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.
“Key concepts.”
1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.
2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
3.-What make a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.
4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…
5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.
6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.
7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.
8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.
BY MICHELLE SAGNELLY D´URZO
M12
jueves, 17 de septiembre de 2009
Discovering cells (pgs 50-57)
The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger by using lenses to focus light.
Tech and design in history :
1590 First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen. It was a tube with lens at each end.
1660 Hooke´s compound microscope. Include an oil lamp for lighting.
1674 Leeuwenhoek´s simple microscope. Used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.
1886 Modern compound light microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss. Compound with complex lenses, a mirror focuses light up thought the specimen. Magnify a specimen up to 1000 times.
1933 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Ernest Ruska. TEMs send electrons though a very thinly sliced specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500 000 times.
1965 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). An SEM sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is a three-dimensional image of the specimen´s surface. SEMs can magnify a specimen up to 150 000 times.
1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). A STM measures electron that leak, or “tunel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1 000 000 times.
Robert Hook: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: at the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.
1838 Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.
1839 Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.
1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.
The cell theory states the following:
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells are produced from other cells.
martes, 15 de septiembre de 2009
DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS (pgs 48-49)
Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies.
DOMAINS
· BACTERIA: Are prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus, are autotrophs.
Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
· ARCHAEA: Can be found in the most extreme environments on earth.
Are unicellular prokaryontes, some are autotrophs.
Their structure and chemical make up, is different from that of bacteria.
· Eukarya: Eukaryontes organisms with cells that contain nuclei
Scientists classify organisms in the domain Eukarya into four kingdoms.
1. PROTIST: Organisms can not be classified as animal, plant or fungus
Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular.
2. FUNGI: mushrooms, molds and mildew are all fungi. Most fungi are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs.
3. PLANTS: Are multicellular eukaryontes and autotrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs. This kingdom includes a great variety of organisms like flowers, trees, mosses…
4. ANIMALS: All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.
Why do scientists classify (p. 43-47)
Biologists group organisms based on similarities.
Classification is the process of grouping things based on their similarities. Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.
The taxonomy is the study of how living things are classified.
The naming system of Linnaeus: 1750´s the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms. This naming system is called binomial nomenclature, binomial means “two names” the first word in an organisms its genus.
A genus is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.
The second word in a scientific name often describes a distinctive feature of an organism, such its appearance as where it lives. Together, the two words indicated a unique species.
Species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offsprings that can also mate and reproduce.
HOMEWORK:
What is the correct form to use the nominal nomenclature?
Read Pgs. 42-49.
Copy the figure 11 in page 47.
Biologists today classify organisms into eight levels. The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common.
The eight classification levels
· A domain is the highest level of organization
· Within a domain, there are kingdoms
· Within kingdoms there are phyla
· Within phyla are classes
· Within classes are orders
· Within orders are families
· Each family contains one or more genera
· Each genus contains one or more species.
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