Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, Primer examen parcial de Biología (Science explorer)

Answer the next guide, study the key concepts and key terms for bimonthly exam.
1st Guide for Bimonthly Exam.

1. A way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2. A deal with descriptions that cannot be express in numbers.
3. Involves creating representations of complex objects or processes and helps people to study and understand things that are complex or that can’t be observed directly.
4. To consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and proposes explanations based on evidence they gather.
5. Processes to try answer the question. It is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answers to a scientific question.
6. An important part of the scientific inquiry process. It's the sharing of ideas results and experimental findings with others through writing and speaking.
7. It is how people change the world around them to meet their needs ands solve practical problems.
8. What to do in case of burns during any scientific investigation in the lab?
9. It is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
10. It is the organism to be composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks?
11. It is the process of changing what occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
12. The organisms that make their own food are called:
13. The organisms that cannot make their own food are called:
14. To keep internal conditions just right for cells to function:
15. In the mid-1800s, a French chemist designed some controlled experiments that demonstrated that new bacteria appeared in broth only when they are reduced by existing bacteria.
16. In the 1600s, an Italian doctor desiged a controlled experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.
17. In 1590 he invented the first compound of the microscope. It was a tube with lens at each end.
18. In 1674 he invented the simple microscope. It used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.
19. He was the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells.
20. In 1663 he observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells. Concluding that all plants are made of cells.
21. Concluded that all animals are made of cells.
22. Proposed “All cells come from cells”.
23. It's a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce
24. It's the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
25. the study of how living things are classify.
26. It is a group classification that contains similar closely related organisms.
27. It is the kingdom where the organisms can not be classified as animals and their organisms can be Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular:
28. It is the kingdom where the organisms are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs, some examples are mushrooms, molds and mildew.
29. The kingdom where the organisms are multicellular eukaryontes and autrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs.
30. All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.
31. Facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
32. A dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
33. The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
34. The person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
35. The structure of the cell that Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.
36. These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
37. These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.
38. Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.
39. A large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc.
40. The fats oil and waxes are a energy organic compound because contain they even more energy than carbohydrates.
41. Very long organic molecules made of CHOP and nucleic acids that contain the instructions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.
42. Food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks it down into glucose that your cells can use to produce energy.
43. In this process the result product is the oxygen.
44. In this process the result product is the water and carbon dioxide.
45. During this process the autotrophs use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water in oxygen and sugar.
46. A colored chemical that absorb Light in plants.
47. A green pigment found in the chloroplants of plants algae and some bacteria.
48. A small opening on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
49. Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and small amount of energy.
50. Takes place in you body went your muscle cells uses up the oxygen faster than they can replace it. One of their effects is feel painful sensation in your muscles.

“Key terms.”
1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.
2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.
3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.
4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.
5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.
6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).
7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.
8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.
9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.
10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.
12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.
13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.
14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.
15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.
16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.
17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.
18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food
19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food
20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.
21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.
23.-Variable: An amount of things.
24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.
25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.
26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.
27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.
28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.
29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.
30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.
32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.
33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.
34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.
36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.
37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.

“Key concepts.”
1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.
2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
3.-What makes a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.
4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…
5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.
6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.
7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.
8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.

GUIA PARA BACHILLERATO. SEGUNDO EXAMEN PARCIAL DE BIOLOGÍA II

1. ¿Cuándo se realiza el entrecruzamiento cromosómico?
2. La migración con cruzamiento o flujo genético ¿qué favorece?
3. Define variabilidad
4. Las principales fuente de variabilidad genética son…
5. ¿Qué son las MUTACIONES?
6. La ley de Hardy-Weinberg dice que las poblaciones grandes y estabilizadas pueden existir indefinidamente, mientras las condiciones permanezcan…
7. A la totalidad de los alelos de cada gen en una población se le da el nombre de…
8. ¿Qué es la deriva?
9. ¿Quién clasificó por primera vez a los animales de acuerdo con su orden de complejidad?
10. Es la idea de la inmutabilidad de las especies…
11. ¿Qué es el transformismo?
12. ¿Qué es el evolucionismo?
13. Ideó la clasificación por “nomenclatura binominal”…
14. A pesar de sus errores fue un notable evolucionista…
15. Propuso la “Teoría del uso y desuso”…
16. Charles Darwin fue a las Islas Galápagos ¿Qué nombre tenía su velero?
17. La “Teoría de la selección natural” de Darwin fue igual a la de…
18. ¿Cuántos años duró la investigación de Darwin antes de la publicación de su libro?
19. ¿En qué año se publicó el libro “El origen de las especies”?
20. ¿Qué nombre se leda a cualquier evidencia que revela la existencia de vida pasada?
21. La petrificación es…
22. Las pisadas y rastros de animales se hicieron sobre materiales blandos, posteriormente…
23. A los organismos que quedaron impresos en materiales como hielo, asfalto, etc. ¿qué tipo de fósiles son?
24. Son unidades de tiempo en las que se divide la historia de la tierra.
25. Los “relojes radioactivos” son:
26. El “melanismo industrial” es un ejemplo claro de…
27. Las estructuras análogas y las homólogas son evidencias evolutivas aportadas por:
28. La Embriología comparada estudia :
29. ¿Cuáles son los postulados de Haeckel sobre la filogenia?

30. Son las similitudes químicas y fisiológicas de los seres vivos que revelan ancestros comunes.
31. Similitudes y diferencias entre plantas y animales de distintos continentes.
32. Clasifica a los organismos de acuerdo con sus relaciones filogenéticas.
33. Integra los conocimientos genéticos con el principio de Selección natural.
34. De acuerdo con la secuencia de nucleótidos que forman al ADN, determina el grado de parentesco evolutivo.
35. Sólo se presenta en los individuos de reproducción sexual.
36. Mecanismo evolutivo en el cual las poblaciones con características más favorables sobreviven.
37. Es el éxito de los individuos favorecidos por la Selección natural.
38. Actúa separando a una población previamente homogénea.
39. Ajustes estructurales, fisiológicas, conductuales, etc.
40. Formación de nuevas especies a partir de las preexistentes.
41. Barreras geográficas que separan poblaciones.
42. Los pinzones de Darwin sufrieron ¿qué tipo de especiación sufrieron?
43. Es la divergencia entre dos genotipos, dentro de la misma área geográfica.
44. Especie anterior al hombre moderno la cual pertenece el hombre de Java o el hombre de Pekín.
45. Es la especie del hombre actual.
46. Es la suma progresiva de conocimientos, experiencias y patrones.
47.- ¿Qué es un pinzón?
48.- ¿Qué es fijismo?
49.- ¿En qué época apareció el hombre y en qué época evolucionó?
50.- ¿Qué es un híbrido?
51.- ¿Cuáles son las características del Homo erectus?
52.- ¿Qué es mutación?
53.- ¿Qué fue lo único que le faltó al trabajo de Darwin?
54.- ¿A qué se le conoce como Selección natural?

47. Estudia los siguientes conceptos:
• Evidencias taxonómicas.
• Teoría sintética de la evolución.
• Entrecruzamiento cromosómico.
• Evolución cultural.
• Selección desorganizada.
• Adaptaciones.
• Competencia.
• Evidencias bioquímicas y fisiológicas.
• Selección natural.
• Selección direccional.
• Aislamiento geográfico.
• Especiación alopátrica o geográfica.
• Homo erectus.
• Especiación.
• Evidencias por la distribución geográfica.
• Biología molecular.
• Especiación simpátrica.
• Homo sapiens sapiens.

Guia para Bachillerato, 2° examen parcial de Ciencias de la salud

1.-Segmentos del cuerpo humano y partes que los conforman. Ej. Extremidad superior: brazo ante brazo, mano.

2.- Definición de:
a) aparato
b) sistema
c) célula
d) órgano

3.- Reconocer la etimología (significado delas palabras) de Hipertensión, Retroversión, Faringitis, Apnea, Taquicardia, etc.

4.- Estudio de los planos anatómicos en que se divide el cuerpo :

5.- La mayoría de los productos de la digestión se absorben en:

6.-Las glándulas salivales, a través de su enzima antevienen en la digestión de:

7.- Órgano donde se produce el quimo:

8.- Función de los siguientes órganos:
a) Boca
b) esófago
c) Estomago
d) hígado
e) páncreas
f) vesícula biliar
g) intestino grueso


9.- Células sanguíneas que se encargan de la defensa del organismo:

10.-Función de las siguientes Células sanguíneas: eritrocitos, leucocitos, plaquetas.


11.- Estudia la circulación general.

12.- Identifica los paquetes sanguíneos de mayor importancia en el cuerpo humano.

13.-El numero normal de eritrocitos por micro litro de sangre es de:
14.- Define: diástole, sístole, infarto.

15.-Órgano encargado de la fonación:


16.-Es el intercambio de O2 y CO2 en los alveolos pulmonares:


17.-La frecuencia cardiaca normal de un adulto es de:


18.-La presión arterial normal de un adulto es de:

19.- La frecuencia respiratoria normal de un adulto es de:

20.-Estudiar dentro del sistema linfático los siguientes elementos: vasos linfáticos, tonsilas, timo, ganglios linfáticos, bazo.

21.-Órgano que fagocita bacterias, eritrocitos y trombocitos envejecidos, produce linfocitos, monocitos, etc.

22.- Estudio de los huesos planos, largos, etc. y donde predomina según su clasificación. Ej. Huesos planos predominan en el cráneo.



23.- Nombre de los principales huesos que forman el esqueleto del brazo, las piernas, el cráneo, el tronco y la columna:


24.-Es una función de los huesos:


25.-Las articulaciones en general son estructuras:


26.-Es una articulación fibrosa:

27.-El musculo esquelético es:


28.-Las propiedades fisiológicas de los músculos son:


29.-Es una función de los músculos:


30.-La síntesis de vitamina D se lleva a cabo en:


31.-Es una función de la piel:


32.-Segmento de la nefrona que filtra la sangre:

33.- Parte del sistema urinario encargado del transporte de orina al exterior:

34.- Estudia la función de las siguientes estructuras anatómicas:

a) ureter
b) pelvis renal
c) uretra
d) vejiga urinaria
e) riñon


35.-La función de los riñones está relacionada fundamentalmente con:


36.- La función de las diferentes estructuras del sistema reproductor masculino y femenino:

a) epidídimo
b) conducto eyaculador
c) testículo
d) vesícula seminal
e) escroto
f) pene
g) Útero
h) Vagina
i) Trompas de Falopio
j) ovarios


37.-Sitio donde terminan de madurar los espermatozoides:


38.-Una función de la vagina es:


39.-El ciclo menstrual:

40.-Las glándulas endocrinas sintetizan:

41.-Permite la entrada de la glucosa a la célula:


42.-Estimula a la hipófisis (pituitaria):


43.- Regula el metabolismo de las células del organismo:


44.-Interviene al principio de una situación de estrés:


45.-La unión funcional entre dos neuronas por neurotransmisores se llama:

46.-El sistema nervioso central se divide en:


47.-La escritura y la conducción de un automóvil son ejemplos de:


48.-Es la unidad funcional del sistema nervioso:


49.-El receptor del sentido de la vista está en:


50.-El recetor de la audición se localiza en:


51.-El oído mantiene el equilibrio a través de:


52.-Cuando se pierde la elasticidad de la lente (cristalino):


53.-El sentido del gusto depende de:

Mendel´s work (p110-115)

In the mid nineteen century a priest named Gregory Mendel discovery the heredity. Heredity is the passing of physical characteristics is called trait. Mendel discoveries form the foundation of generals, the scientific study of heredity.

Mendel´s experiments:
Mendel crossed plants that had different traits and developed a method by which is cross pollinated or “crossed” pea plants. In the experiments they use the fertilization. Fertilization is the process to form when egg and sperm. He started his experiments with pea plants. A purebred organism is the offspring of many of many generations that have the same trait.

Mendel reached several conclusions on the basis of his experimental use.

The factors that consist each trait exist in pairs. The female parent contributes the other factor. Today scientists use the word gene for the factor that controls a trait. Alleles are the different forms of alleles are dominant, while other alleles are recessive. A recessive alleles will only show up if the organism does not have the dominant allele.

The importance of Mendel´s discovery was not recognized during his lifetime. Then in 1900 three different scientists rediscovered Mendel´s work. These scientists quickly recognized the importance of Mendel´s ideas.

By Monique Velasco Saldaña

The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)

The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.

Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.

Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.

By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13

The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)

The Cell on its Environment (Page 80-85)
1.All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment.
2.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, wich means that some substances can pass through the membrane, while others cannot.
3.Cell must let in needed materials such as oxygen and food molecules. In contrast, waste materials must move out the cell, all must pass through cell membrane.

Substances that can move into and of a cell do by one of these materials:
Diffusion: Is the method by wich small molecules move across the cell membrane. Is the process by wich molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis: Is the diffusion on water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cell can´t function properly without adequate water, many of the cell process depends on osmosis.

Active and Passive Transport: Is the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy, while passive transport does not.

By Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13

Key Terms (Page 80)

Selectively Permeable: A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass trough, while others cannot.
Diffusion: The process by wich molecules come from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Passive Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using cells energy.
Active Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Mauricio Pérez Chávez
M13

key terms

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food.

AUTOTROPH: invertebrate that has an external skeleton a segment body and jointed appendages.

HETEROTROPH: Is an organism that cannot make its own food.

PIGMENT: a colored chemical that absorb Light.

CHLOROPHYLL: a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants algae and some bacteria.

STOMATO: small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.

Raquel Gastelum Kikushima M1108

KEY TERMS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food.

AUTOTROPH: invertebrate that has an external skeleton a segment body and jointed appendages.

HETEROTROPH: Is an organism that cannot make its own food.

PIGMENT: a colored chemical that absorb Light.

CHLOROPHYLL: a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants algae and some bacteria.

STOMATO: small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.

Raquel Gastelum Kikushima

M1108

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration:
Is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose.

Stage #1:
In the cytoplasm glucose is broken down into smaller molecules

Stage #2:
In the mitochondria, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide

Respiration
“Breathing” this is the action to moving air in and out o your livings. Breaking brings oxygen, witch really necessary of the cellular respiration in your lungs

Photosynthesis vs Cellular respiration
In the photosynthesis, Carbon dioxide and water are used to produce sugar and oxygen; in the cellular repiration Sugar and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Anaerobic respiration.
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food without using oxygen this cells obtend their energy though fermentation.The fermentation provides energy from cells without using oxygen.

Types of fermentation:
#1 Alcoholic fermentation: Occurs when yeast and some other single-called organisms break down sugars. This process is some times called alcoholic fermentation, because some one of the products is the alcohol. The others products are carbon dioxide and smalls amount of energy.

#2 Lactic acid fermentation: This take place in your muscle when the cells used up the oxygen faster that it Could be replaced, because your cells lacked oxygen, fermentations occurred and supplied the oxygen. When lactic acid builds up you feed a painful sensation in your muscles.

By Jimena Santana González M1127 and Andrea Ramírez Vernis M1227