jueves, 24 de septiembre de 2009

Homework:

Vegetables Carbohydrates (g)
Nopal 3.1
Lettuce 4.0
Tomato 4.4
Green pepper 4.0
Mushroom 4.0
Habanero chili 3.6
Broccoli 3.7
Parsley 3.2
Carrot 3.7
Radish 3.0

Bibliography:sistema mexicano de alimentos.
By Alvaro Gerardo Hernández A.
M13

Chemicals compounds in cells

Elements: an element is any substance that can not be broken down into simple substances.

Compounds: are two or more elements combine chemically.
The compound call water: the water molecule is made of two-hydrogen atorms and one oxygen atorm. Most chemical reactions within cell couldn’ take place without water .

Organic and inorganic compound:

* most compounds contain carbon, this are called organism compounds
carbohydrates: food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks down it into gluise that your cells can use to produce energy.

Lipids: fats oil and waxes are a energy-rits organic compound because contain seven more energy than carbohydrates.

Proteins: are a large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc…
*Protein molecules are made of amino-acids.
*Proteins make up many of the organelles within the cell and some structures in the human body.
*An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.

Nucleic acids: are very long organic molewles made of CHOP and nucleic acids contain the structions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.

There are two kinds of nucleic acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed romp rents to offspring.
RNA deoxyribonucleic acid : plays an important tale in the production of proteins.

By Regina Lara Ibañez
M13

Looking inside Cells (p.60-67)

“COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS”

Nucleus: Directs all of the cells activities including reproduction.

Mitochondria: Most of the cell’s enemy produced within these rod-shaped organelles.

Cytoplasm: Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.

Ribosome: These small structures function as factories to produce proteins. Ribosome may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or they may float in the cytoplasm.

Cell Membrane: Since an animal cell does not have a cell wall, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.

Vacuole: Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.

Lysosome: These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.

Cell Wall: In a plant cell, a stiff wall surrounds the membrane giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape.

Chloroplast: These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.
By Javier García
M12

Discovery Cells (PGS.50-57)

The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A Microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look longer by using lenses.

Teach and design a history.

1590. - First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen it was a tube with lenses at each end.

1660. – Hooke’s compound microscopes include an oil lamp for lighting.

1674. – Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope used only one tiny lenses; it could magnified a specimen up to 266 times.

1886. – Modern compound microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss compound light microscope with complex lenses a mirror focuses light up through the specimen magnify a specimen to 1000 times.

1933. – (TEM) Transmit ion Elector microscope Ernest Ruska. Terms and electrons through a many thin slices specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500000 times.

1965. – (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope. And seem sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is the three dimensional image of the specimen surface SEM´s can magnify a specimen up to 150000 times.

1981. – Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) an STM measures electrons that leak, or “tunnel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1000000 times.

What the Cell Theory Says Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others helped develop the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.

The cell theory states the following:

· All living things are composed of cells.

· Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

· All cells are produced from other cells.

The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or how small. Since cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about the functions that living things perform. Because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth and reproduction.

BY Jose Vila Reyes

M11

lunes, 21 de septiembre de 2009

Discovering cells

Robert Hooke: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork, and found that it was made up of cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: At the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.

1838 Schleiden concluded that all the plants are made of cells.

1839 Schwann concluded that all the animals are made of cells.

1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.

domingo, 20 de septiembre de 2009

“Key terms and Key concepts”

“Key terms.”

1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.

2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.

3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.

4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.

5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.

6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).

7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.

8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.

9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.

10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.

12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.

13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.

14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.

15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.

16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.

17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.

18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food

19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food

20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.

21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.

22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.

23.-Variable: An amount of things.

24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.

25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.

26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.

27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.

28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.

29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.

30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.

31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.

32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.

33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.

34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.

36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.

37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.

“Key concepts.”

1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.

2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.

3.-What make a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.

4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…

5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.

6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.

7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.

8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.

BY MICHELLE SAGNELLY D´URZO

M12

jueves, 17 de septiembre de 2009

Discovering cells (pgs 50-57)

The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger by using lenses to focus light.

Tech and design in history :

1590 First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen. It was a tube with lens at each end.

1660 Hooke´s compound microscope. Include an oil lamp for lighting.

1674 Leeuwenhoek´s simple microscope. Used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.

1886 Modern compound light microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss. Compound with complex lenses, a mirror focuses light up thought the specimen. Magnify a specimen up to 1000 times.

1933 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Ernest Ruska. TEMs send electrons though a very thinly sliced specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500 000 times.

1965 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). An SEM sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is a three-dimensional image of the specimen´s surface. SEMs can magnify a specimen up to 150 000 times.

1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). A STM measures electron that leak, or “tunel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1 000 000 times.

Robert Hook: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: at the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.

1838 Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.

1839 Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.

1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.

The cell theory states the following:

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

3. All cells are produced from other cells.

martes, 15 de septiembre de 2009

DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS (pgs 48-49)

Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies.

DOMAINS

· BACTERIA: Are prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus, are autotrophs.

Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.

· ARCHAEA: Can be found in the most extreme environments on earth.

Are unicellular prokaryontes, some are autotrophs.

Their structure and chemical make up, is different from that of bacteria.

· Eukarya: Eukaryontes organisms with cells that contain nuclei

Scientists classify organisms in the domain Eukarya into four kingdoms.

1. PROTIST: Organisms can not be classified as animal, plant or fungus

Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular.

2. FUNGI: mushrooms, molds and mildew are all fungi. Most fungi are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs.

3. PLANTS: Are multicellular eukaryontes and autotrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs. This kingdom includes a great variety of organisms like flowers, trees, mosses…

4. ANIMALS: All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.

Why do scientists classify (p. 43-47)

Biologists group organisms based on similarities.

Classification is the process of grouping things based on their similarities. Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.

The taxonomy is the study of how living things are classified.

The naming system of Linnaeus: 1750´s the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms. This naming system is called binomial nomenclature, binomial means “two names” the first word in an organisms its genus.

A genus is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.

The second word in a scientific name often describes a distinctive feature of an organism, such its appearance as where it lives. Together, the two words indicated a unique species.

Species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offsprings that can also mate and reproduce.

HOMEWORK:

What is the correct form to use the nominal nomenclature?

Read Pgs. 42-49.

Copy the figure 11 in page 47.

Biologists today classify organisms into eight levels. The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common.

The eight classification levels

· A domain is the highest level of organization

· Within a domain, there are kingdoms

· Within kingdoms there are phyla

· Within phyla are classes

· Within classes are orders

· Within orders are families

· Each family contains one or more genera

· Each genus contains one or more species.

Life comes from life. (p.36-40)

Living things arise from living things through repoduction. In the past people believed that life could appear from nonliving material for a example they thought that flies could arise from rotting meat. The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources is called spontaneous generation.

Redi´s experiment: in the 1600s, an Italian doctor named Francesco Redi controlled experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.

Redi´s experiment designed one of the first controlled experiments. Explain and draw step by step what is the experiment, and what is the manipulated variable in this experiment?

Pasteur´s experiments: even after Redi´s work in the mid-1800s, the french chemist Lous Pasteur designed some controlled experiments that demonstrated that new bacteria appeared in broth only when they reduced by existing bacteria.

Pasteur´s experiments were carefully controlled experiments that demonstrated that bacteria arise only from existing bacteria. Explain and draw step by step what is the experiment, and what is the manipulated variable in this experiment?

The needs of living things.

This environment meets the needs of the many living things. All living things must satisfy their basic needs for water, food, living space and stable internal conditions.

Water: all living things need water to survive.

Food: recall that organisms need a source of energy to live. The organisms that make their own food are called autothophs. The organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs.

Living space: is the place were the a organism lives.

Stable internal conditions. Organisms must be able to keep the conditions inside their bodies stable, the maintenance of stable internal conditions is called homeostasis.

Homeostasis keeps internal conditions just right for cells to function.

What is life? (p.23-26)

The organism is a living thing.

The caracteristics of living things.

All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, respond to their surroundingds, grow and develop and reproduce.

Cellular organization: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cell. A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.

Organisms may be composed of only one cell or of many cells. Unicellular or single-called organisms, include bacteria. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.

All living things are composed of chemicals, water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, nucleic acids or genetic material.

Energy use: the cells of organisms use energy to do what living things must do, such as reparing injured parts.

Response to surrounding: is the act that causes the organism to react to surroundings, that causes the organism to react is called a stimulus. Stimuli include changes in temperature, light, sound and other factors. An organism reacts to a stimulus with a response, an action or change in behavior.

Growth and development: grownth is the process of change thet occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more comlex organism.

Reproduction: is the ability to reproduce or produce offspring .

Activity: look at one of your eyes in a mirror, cover one eye with your hand for a minute. While looking in the mirror, remove your hand. Observe how the size of your pupil changes. Draw and describe in your notebook the reaction.

Safety in the Science Laboratory

Safety in the Science Laboratory

Safety during investigations

It is important that you take to be safe during any scientific investigation:

1. You have to have a good preparation, this help you stay safe during a science activities

2. Preparing for a lab should begin the day before you will perform the lab. It is important to read the procedure carefully and make sure you understand all the directions. Also review the material and equipment you will use. Whenever you perform a science lab, always follow your teacher’s instructions. You should never try anything on your own without asking your teacher first. Keep your work area clean and organized.

The safety symbols alert you to possible dangers that are performing the lab.

Biohazard Warning Organic Peroxide Hot surface Poisonous

End-of-lab procedures: When you have finished lab, clean your area, turn off and unplug equipment.

In case of an accident: When any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher INMEDEATLY, then listen to your teacher’s directions and carry them out quickly.

Safety and First-aid Procedures

1. Burns: Immense burns in cold water

2. Cuts: cover cuts with clean dressing

3. Spills on Skin: flush the skin with large amounts of water.

4. Foreign object in eye: flush the eye with large amounts of water. Seek medical attention.

BY JAVIER DE ALBA PEREZ

M1207

Understanding technology (pgs.19-22)

Understanding technology


1-.What is the goal of technology?

A- is to improve the way people live


2-.What is a prothesis?

A-. its to tranfer the bad part of the body to one that if function


3-.How does technologydiffer from science'

A-science study of the natural world to understan how it fuctions
technology changes or modifies, the natural world to meet human needs or to solve problems


4-.HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY DIFFER FROM SOCIETY?
A-.a technology can have both positive and negative consequences for individual people and for society as a whole

*technology is how people change the world around them to meet their needs ands solve practical problems*


5-. Decide wether an object was an example of technology and explain

A-. EXAMPLE:

CONTACT LENSES: HELP PEOPLE FROM SEA BETTER

medical thermometer: MAKES IT EASER TO DETERMINE WETHER YOU SICK

FARM MACHINERY: TO MAKE EASIER THE FARMERS WORK

ENDOSCOPES: ARE TINY MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS THAT ALLOW DOCTORS VIEWWITH THE HUMAN BODY

OPTICAL FIBERS : TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW THE HEART FUNCTIONS



*COMPARING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE: SCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF THE NATURAL WORLD TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT FUNCTIONS. TECHNOLOGY ON THE OTHER HAND CHANGES OR MODIFIES THE NATURAL WORLD TO MEET HUMAN NEEDS SOLVE PROBLEMS.


6-. TO UNDERSTAND THIS DIFFERENCE COMPARE THE WAYS IN WHICH A BIOLOGIST AND AN ENGINEER.

AN ENGINEER IS A PERSON WHO IS TRAINED TO USE BOTH TECHNOLOGICAL AN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGETO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS


A BIOLOGIST IS A PERSON WHO STUDY THE NATURAL WORLD, INVESTIGATE THE STRUCTURE OF INSECTS BODIES AND HOW INSECTS OBTAIN OXYGEN



7-. ADVANCES IN SCIENCE CONTRIBUTE TO ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON SOCIETY REFERS TO ANY GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE TOGETHER IN AN AREA AND HAVE CERTAIN THINGS IN COMMON TECHNOLOGY CAN HAVE BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE AND FOR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE. TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT PROVIDE PERFECT SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS
IT HELPS SOLVE.



8-. LIST THE POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF USING PESTICIDES. THEN LIST THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES


POSITIVE NEGATIVE


POSITIVETHE PESTICIDES HELPTO THE PASTICIDES MAKE FEEL SICK IT.
KILL THE NOSIVE INSECTS

HELP TO GROW THE PLANTS MAKE THAT THE INSECTS DIE.

BY CINTHYA A. RIVAS PARTIDA

M1123

martes, 1 de septiembre de 2009

Ciencias de la salud I. GUIA para primer examen parcial

Ciencias de la salud I. GUIA para primer examen parcial

Aprendete el GLOSARIO
Define: Ciencia , Método científico, Interdisciplinariedad, Ciencias naturales,Medicina preventiva , Salud
Nombra algunas ciencias relacionadas a las ciencias dela salud.
Estudia la historia del concepto de salud y enfermedad en las distintas épocas: a) Egipto b)Grecia y Roma c)Medicina Precolombina d) Edad media e) Edad contemporánea f)Edad moderna
Estudia el concepto de salud y enfermedad a través de los modelos multicausal y unicausal
Definición de Salud OMS y Enfermedad
Es el desarrollo que se sigue a través del tiempo, tanto origen, evolución hasta llegar a sus consecuencias:
Estudia el proceso de enfermedad en dos etapas: prepatogénico y patogénico.
Definición de Triada ecológica, Agente causal, Virulencia, Poder antígeno, Patogenisidad, Husped, Virulencia, Ecosistema, Factores del medio ambiente, Ecosistema, Agentes biológicos
Estudia los siguientes agente causales: a) Agentes biológicos b) Agentes Físicos c) Agentes Químicos d)Deficiencia alimenticia
Estudia los tipos de familia: a) Rígida tradicional b)Rígida en transición c)Igualitaria d)Laxa
Periodo de la historia natural de la enfermedad es el periodo previo a la recupera la salud:
Es la limitación de algunas actividades físicas:
Muchas de las veces es el resultado final de la historia natural de la enfermedad:
Estudia los diferentes nombres de las vacunas que incluye la cartilla nacional de vacunación.

Biologia II GUIA para examen parcial

BIOLOGÍA II GUIA para examen parcial

Define los siguientes conceptos: Monomeros, ARN, ADN, Oncogenes, Gen, Genoma, Ribosa,desoxirribosa.
¿Cómo están formados los Monomeros ARN y ADN?
El principal componente de los cromosomas
Estructuras celular donde se encuentra al ADNr:
Estructuras celular donde se encuentra al ADNt:
¿Dónde se encuentra al ADNm?
Es el ADN integrado por genes o partes de genes de distintos organismos de una misma o diferente especie:
Es el juego completo de genes de un individuo:
Ciencia encargada del desarrollo de las técnicas de manipulación de la estructura molecular del ADN:
Nombra y describe las etapas del crecimiento celular
Es el tipo de muerte celular que causa la reducción del tamaño de la célula por incapacidad de sintetizar moléculas:
Es el tipo de muerte celular que causa daño celular generalizado:
Nombra las etapas de la Mitosis y explicalas
Edwin Chargaff analizo la composición de las bases de:
En el ADN la proporción de adenina es igual a la de:
En el ADN la proporción de guanina es igual a la de:
En el ARN la proporción del uracilo es igual a la de:
A finales de la década de 1940 ¿quése descubrió?
¿Quiénes obtuvieron una molécula de ADN?
¿Qué hizo Rudolf Vichow?
¿Qué hizo Francis Peyton?
Se percato de que todas las células vienen de una célula madre preexistente:
¿En qué año se descubrieron los oncogenes?
¿Quién descubrió los oncogenes en el genoma humano?
Etapa por la cual el citoplasma y organelos se duplican equivalentemente:
Formas de reproducción asexual: a)Bipartición b)Gemación c)Esporulación d)Propagación vegetativa e) Partenogénesis (En que consiste)
Etapas que intervienen en el ciclo celular
Etapa de la meiosis
Es la reproducción celular característica de la gametogénesis:
Es el proceso de formación y maduración de los gametos o células sexuales:
Define: Genotipo, Alelos codominantes, homocigoto, Genes alelos, Locus, Fenotipo, Genoma, Hibridación, Replicación del ADN, Híbridos, Pleiotropía, genes ligados, Herencia ligada al sexo, Heterometría.
Explica las mutaciones génicas, cromosómicas y genómicas.