Summary IV bimonthly. First meddle scholl

1. How the nervous system works (p.626-631)
2. Divisions of the nervous system (p.632-639)
3. The senses (p.640-650)
4. Alcohol and other drugs (p.651-657)
5. The endocrine system (p.666-671)
6. The male and female reproductive system (p.674-681)
7. The human life cycle (p.682-690)
8. Living things and environment (p.704-708)
9. Studying population (p.711-718)
10. Interactions among living things (p.722-729)
11. Change in communities (p. 730-733)
12. Energy flow in ecosystem (p.740-745)
13. Cycles of metter (p.746-751)
14. Biogeography (p752-755)
15. Biomes and aquatic ecosystems (p.758-769)
16. Environmental issues (p.778-788)
17. Forests and fisheries (p.784-788)
18. Biodiversity (p.792-801)

Los virus H21 y H22 bachillerato

Los virus no son procariotas ni eucariotas, no pertenecen a ningún dominio o reino.
Son agentes infecciosos formados por una molécula de ADN o ARN y están rodeados por una envoltura proteínica llamada cápside. Parasitan células y carecen de metabolismo propio se multiplican utilizando el ADN de las células del “hospedador” que parasitan.

CARACTERISTICAS:
Pueden cristalizarse y mantenerse en ese estado por tiempo indefinido y al estar en contacto con líquidos vuelven a activarse.
Los virus tienen su propio código genético y se compone de una estructura los más pequeños adaptan forma de icosaedro (figura geométrica de 20 caras) cada una con forma simétrica otros tienen forma de espiral como los de la influenza.
Multiplicación viral: un virus fuera de la célula parece inerte al estar en contacto con las células vivas de un anfitrión disuelve mayor parte de su membrana celular e inyecta el acido nucleído que va a tomar el control del metabolismo celular, después de un periodo de latencia los mecanismos celulares crearan copias virales idénticas. El proceso de multiplicación de acido nucleico viral dentro de la célula anfitriona se denomina infección y puede llegar a destruir la célula o lisis dando pie a la liberación de cientos de los nuevos virus fabricados por la célula llamados virones el virus dermatropico ocasiona la varicela destruye células de la piel, el de la rabia destruye células nerviosas del cerebro lo que producen la mente.
Los criterios de clasificación de los virus es realmente difícil y los han agrupado en familias de acuerdo con el tipo de acido nucleico, su morfología, cápside, lugar de “ensamblaje” del acido nucleico con la cápside, si está presente o no envoltura el lugar de adquisición.
Teoría sobre el origen del e virus: Algunos creen que fue el primer tipo de organismos lo que es poco creíble pues necesita invadir a células.
Otros opinan que los virus son cierto tipo de procariontes que con el tiempo fueron simplificados hasta convertirse en paracitos especializados.
Viroides y priones: Son agentes causantes de enfermedades seriamente relacionados con los virus.
Los viroides son agentes formados por ácidos nucleicos y causan enfermedades en las plantas son diez veces menores que los virus, son más simples sus células de ARN no tienen agentes que codifiquen proteínas causando su total dependencia del metabolismo del hospedero para multiplicarse.
Los priones tienen una estructura simple con forma extracelular definida, son partículas formadas por proteínas cien veces más pequeñas que un virus, causan enfermedades infecciosas en animales y el hombre.
La célula hospedadora donde se encuentra el prion contiene en la información de sus cromosomas un gen que codifica una proteína produciendo condiciones anormales principalmente en neuronas.

por: Estefanìa Islas Reynoso

Questionnaries. Bimonthly IV. First meddle scholl.

#5 The endocrine system (p.666-671)
1.-How does the endocrine system control body processes?
2.- What are the endocrine gland?
3.- how does negative feedback control hormone levels?
4.-Copy de figure 2 (page 669) and explain the functions of the hormones it produces
Key terms:

Endocrine gland
Hormone
Target cell
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Negative feedback

#6 The male and female reproductive system (p.674-681)
1.- What is sexual reproduction?
2.- What are the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems?
3.- What events occur during the menstrual cycle?
Key terms:

Egg
Sperm
Fertilization
Zygote
Testis
Testosterone
Scrotum
Semen
Penis
Ovary
Estrogen
Fallopian tube
Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Menstruation

#7 The human life cycle (p.682-690)
1.- What are the stages of human development that occur before birth?
2.-How is the developing embryo protected and nourished?
3.-What happens during childbirth?
4.-What changes occur from infancy to adulthood?
Key terms:

Embryo
Fetus
Amniotic sac
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Adolescence
Puberty

#8 Living things and environment (p.704-708)
1.- what needs are met by an organism´s environment?
2.- What are the two parts of an organism´s habitat with which it interacts?
3.- What are the levels of organization within an ecosystem?
4.- inspired in the figure 4 (page 709) make a example of ecological organization since a smallest level of organization (an organism).
Key terms:

Organism
Habitat
Biotic factor
Photosynthesis
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Ecology

#9 Studying population (p.711-718)
1.- How do ecologist determine the size of a population?
2.-What causes population to change in size?
3.- What factors limit population growth?
4.- what is he meant by the term population density?
Key terms:

Estimate
Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration
Emigration
Population density
Limiting factor
Carrying capacity

#10 Interactions among living things (p.722-729)
1.- How do an organism´s adaptations help it to survive?
2.- What are the major ways in which organisms in an ecosystem interact?
3.-What ate the three types of symbiotic relationships?
4.- Copy in the figure 16 (page 727 “Defense strategies”) the false coloring, protective covering and camouflage and explain.

Key terms:

Natural selection
Adaptations
Niche
Competition
Predation
Predator
Prey
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Parasite
Host

#11 Change in communities (p. 730-733)
1.-How do primary and secondary successions differ?
2.-What are some pioneer species?
Key terms.-

Successions
Primary successions
Pioneer species
Secondary successions

#12 Energy flow in ecosystem (p.740-745)
1.- What energy roles do organisms play in an ecosystem?
2.-How does energy move though an ecosystem?
3.-How much energy is available at each level of an energy pyramid?
4.- Make a food web with producers, consumers and decomposers.
Key terms.-

Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Carnivore
Omnivore
Scavenger
Food chain
Food web
Energy pyramid

#13 Cycles of metter (p.746-751)
1. What processes are involved in the water cycle?
2. How are carbon and oxygen recycled in ecosystems?
3. What is the nitrogen cycle?
4. How do human activities affect the carbon and oxygen cycle?
Key terms.-
Water cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Nitrogen fixation

#14 Biogeography (p752-755)
1. How has the movement of the continents affected the distribution of species?
2. What are three ways that dispersal of organisms occurs?
3. What factors can limit the dispersal of a species?
Key terms.-
Biogeography
Continental drift
Dispersal
Exotic species
Climate

#15 Biomes and aquatic ecosystems (p.758-769)
1. What are the six major biomes found on earth?
2. What factors determine the type of biome found in an area?
3. What do freshwater and marine ecosystems include?
Key terms.-
Biome
Canopy
Understory
Desert
Grassland
Savanna
Deciduous tree
Tundra
Permafrost
Estuary
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone

#16 Environmental issues (p.778-788)
1. What are the general categories of environmental issues?
2. How do decision makers balance different needs and concerns?
3. What are the factors that can cause pollution?
4. Resume the timeline (p.780-781)
Key terms.-
Natural resource
Renewable resource
Nonrenewable resource
Pollution
Environmental science

#17 Forests and fisheries (p.784-788)
1. How can forests be managed as renewable resources?
2. how can fisheries by managed for a sustainable yield?

Key terms.-
Clear-cutting
Selective cutting
Sustainable yield
Fishery
Aquaculture

#18 biodiversity (p.792-801)
1. In what ways is biodiversity valuable?
2. what factors affect an area´s biodiversity?
3. which human activities threaten biodiversity?
4. How can biodiversity be protected?

Key terms.-
Biodiversity
Keystone species
Extinction
Endangered species
Threatened species
Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Poaching
Captive breeding

Third bimonthly exam guide. 1st meddle school

1.-What is the function of a gizzard of a bird?

2.-An organ that produces milk to feed the young is called a

3.-Wich muscle helps mammals move air into and out or the lungs?

4.- An organism´s reaction to a signal is called

5.-A process that leads to change in behavior based on practice is called

6.- Learning that a particular stimulus or response leads to a good or a bad outcome is called

7.- A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species is called a(n)

8.-A group of similar cells that perform a similar function is called a(n)

9.-Muscles that help the skeleton move are

10.- A colored substance that helps keep the skin from burning is

11.- What are the functions of the skin?

12.-The building blocks of proteins are

13.-Which of the following groups of nutrients is a major source of energy for the body?

14.- Bile is produce by the

15.- The process in which glucose and oxygen react in cells to release energy is called

16.- The trachea divides into two tubes called

17.-The filtration of wastes that take place inside the kidneys in the

18.- Some bacteria produce poisons called

19.-Antibodies are produced by

20.- What is the correct sequence of organs through which air travels when it is breath into the body is:

21.- What is a Lift?
22.- The functions of contour feathers is
23.-Spongy bone is filled with:
24.-Strands of hair that grow within the dermis in structures called:
25.- Most materials are absorbed into the bloodstream:
26.- What contains White blood cells and Red blood cells?
27.-Elevated blood pressure is called:
28.- Is a chemical in tobacco smoke that makes the heart beat faster:
29.- Clusters of air sacs in the lungs are:
30.-Urine is stored in the:
31.- The two lower chambers of the heart are called:
32.- Vitamins are:
33.- What determines which of two cereals supplies more iron?
34.- Moves food through the digestive system:
35.- What are Minerals?
36.- The bones in movable join are held together by strong connective tissue called:
37.- The most important function of the cardiovascular system is to

38.- Cholesterol is a waxy substance associated with

39.- Which type of body tissue covers the surfaces of the body?
40.-Which of the following represents the smallest level of organization in the body?
41.- The energy-containing nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
42.- Transports materials to and from cells
43.- Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
44.-Supports and protects the body
45.- Detects information from the environment and controls body functions
46.-Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
47.- Removes wastes
48.- Controls many body processes by means of chemicals
49.-Enables movements of the body and internal organs
50.-Occcurs when blood flows to part of the heart muscle that is clocked
51.- What are the characteristics of most fishes?
52.- They live in the water and have fins, obtain oxygen trough gills and have scales
53.- What are the major groups of fishes and how are do they different?
54.-What are the main characteristics of amphibians?
55.- They live in water, most spend their adulthood on land returning to reproduce.
56.-What are some adaptations of an adult amphibian for be able to live on land?

Study the next key terms:
Gizzard, Mammary gland, Diaphragm, Response, Learning, Instinct, Learning, Response, Behavior, Conditioning, Insight learning, Pheromone, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, cardiac muscles, Dermis, Epidermis, Melanin, Epidermis, Follicle, Smooth muscles, Skeletal muscles, Involuntary muscles, Pores, Cartilage ligament.

Trabajo de Marco Antonio Rosas para el salòn H21

Características y funciones de distintas estructuras celulares

Membrana plasmática: aísla el contenido de la célula del ambiente externo. También regula el flujo de materiales hacia dentro y fuera de la célula.
Permite la interacción con otras células y el entorno extracelular.

Es permeable el estar formada por una doble estructura de moléculas de proteínas y lípidos es por eso que es un mecanismo homeostático.

Citoplasma: todas las células lo contiene esta formado por el material y estructuras que reciben dentro de la membrana plasmática. La porción fluida es llamada citosol. En el citoplasma se llevan casi todas las actividades metabólicas de la célula.

Lisosomas: contienen encimas digestivas intracelulares
Mitocondria: produce energía por metabolismo aerobio
Cloroplastos: encargados de realizar la fotosíntesis al captar energía solar
Vacuolas: tienen la función de regular el agua y dar soporte y estructura y almacenamiento
Ribosomas: encargados de la síntesis de las proteínas
Aparato golgi: modifica proteínas y lípidos y sintetiza algunos carbohidratos.
Retículo endoplasmatico: sintetiza componentes de la membrana (proteínas, lípidos)
Citoesqueleto: brinda soporte, forma y movimiento en células eucariotas

Todas las células usan ADN como plano de la herencia para producir nuevas células ARN para copiar y ejecutar instrucciones en el plano de genes y actuar en la construcción de proteínas.

ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCION DE LA MEMBRANA CELULAR
Difusión: es el movimiento neto de moléculas de un gradiente de mayor concentración a otro de menor concentración, cuando mayor es el gradiente y temperatura mas rápida es la difusión.
Osmosis: transporte pasivo considerado como fenómeno de difusión se realiza a través de los poros de una membrana permeable ejemplo: raíz de las plantas
Diálisis: también es un transporte pasivo de difusión a través de una membrana permeable de distintos solutos ejemplo: sanguínea renal
Turgencia plasmólisis: en un medio isotónico hacia un medio hipotónico menos concentrado se produce turgencia la célula se hincha y puede estallar
Plasmólisis: hay un medio hipertónico y se destruye el citoplasma, el agua sale por exosmosis y provoca la deshidratación de la membrana

Transporte pasivo: es por difusión y gasto de energía
Transporte activo: la membrana se muestra selectivamente permeable en cuanto al paso de la velocidad de entrada y salida lo que se requiere gasto de energía
Endositosis: es la entrada de productos a la célula en introducción al citoplasma
(Exo) fagocitosis: introducción de moléculas grandes

Questionnaires. Third bimonthly. First Meddle Scholl

#1 Fishes (p. 374-379)

1.-What are the characteristics of most fishes?
2.-What are the major groups of fishes and how do they differ?
3.-Which organ helps a bony fish maintain its position in the water?
4.-Copy figure12 (page 379) “Structure of a Bony Fish” and explain what are the functions of fins, scales and swim bladder.

Key terms.
Fish: an ectothermic vertebrate that lives in the water and has fins.
Cartilage: a connective tissue that is more flexible that bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
Swim bladder: an internal, gas-filled organ that helps a bony fish stabilize its body at different water depths.

#2 Amphibians (p. 382-386)

1.-What are the main characteristics of amphibians?
2.- What are some adaptions of adult amphibians for living on land?
3.-What is a frog larva called?

Key terms.

Amphibian:
Tadpole:
Lung:
Atrium:
Ventricle:
Habitat:

#3 Reptiles (p. 387-394)

1.- What are some adaptions that allow reptiles to live on land?
2.- What are the characteristics of each of three main groups of reptiles?
3.- What adaption helped dinosaurs survive before they became extinct?
4.- Copy the figure 19 (page 389) and explain the function of membranes, shell and the other components of an amniotic egg.

Key terms.
Reptile: an ectothermic vertebrate that lays eggs and has lungs and scaly skin.
Kidney: a major organ of the excretory system that removes urea and other wastes from the blood.
Urine: a watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other wastes.
Amniotic egg: an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep the embryo moist-

#4 Vertebrate history in rocks (p. 395-399)

1.- Where are fossils most frequently found?
2.- what can scientists learn from studying fossils?
3.- Resume the time line on page 396 and 397.

Key terms.

Fossil.-
Sedimentary rock.-
Paleontologist.-


#5 Birds (p. 406-413)

1.- What are the main characteristics of birds?
2.-How are birds adapted to their environments?
3.- How is a bird egg different from a reptile egg?
4.- Copy on page 408 the structure respiratory of the birds.

Key terms.

Bird.-
Contour feather.-
Down feather.-
Crop.-
Gizzard.-


#6 the physics of birds flight (p. 416-419)

1.-What causes a bird to rise in the air?
2.-How may birds fly?

Key terms.-

Lift:
Mammal:
Monotreme:
Marsupial:
Placenta:


#7 Mammals (p.420-428)

1.- What characteristics do all mammals share?
2.-What are the main groups of mammals and how do they differ?
3.- Which teeth stab and tear into food?
4.- What is the function of nervous system in mammals?

Key terms.-

Mammary gland:
Diaphragm:
Gestational period:
Placental mammal:


#8 What is behavior? (p.436-442)

1.-What causes animal behavior?
2.-What are instincts?
3.-What are four types of learned behaviors?

Key terms.-

Behavior: all the actions an animal performs.
Stimulus:
Response:
Instinct:
Learning:
Imprinting:
Conditioning:
Trial and error learning:
Insight learning:


#9 Patterns of behavior (p-444-451)

1.- What are three main ways animals communicate?
2.- What are some examples of competitive behaviors and cooperative behaviors?
3.- What is a cyclic behavior?
4.- How does having a territory help an animal survive?
5.-Copy figure 16 (p. 451) “Migration”
Key terms:

Hibernation:
Migration:
Pheromone:
Aggression:
Territory:
Courtship behavior:
Society:
Circadian rhythm:


#10 Tracking migrations (p-454-457)

1.-How do electronic technologies help scientists track animals?
2.- What are the benefits of tracking animal migrations?

Key terms:

Transmitter:
Receiver:
Satellite:


#11 Body organization and homeostasis (p.468-473)

1.- What are the levels of organization in the body?
2.- What is the circulatory system function?
3.- What is the digestive system function?
4.- What is the nervous system function?
5.- What is the skeletal system function?
6.- What is the endocrine system function?
7.- What is the muscular system function?
8.- What is the excretory system function?
9.- What is the respiratory system function?

10.- Copy the figure 2 (page 470) “Types of tissues” and explain the function of the different tissues.

Key terms.-

Cell:
Cell membrane:
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:
Tissue:
Muscle tissue:
Nervous tissue:
Connective tissue:
Epithelial tissue:
Organ:
Organ system:
Homeostasis:
Stress:


#12 The skeletal system (p.474-481)

1.- What are the functions of the skeleton?
2.-What role do joints play in the body?
3.- What are the characteristics of bone and how can you keep your bones strong and healthy?

Key terms.-

Skeleton:
Ligament:
Vertebrae:
Joint:
Ligament:
Cartilage:
Compact bone:
Spongy bone:
Marrow:
Osteoporosis:


# 13 The muscular system (p.482-486)

1.- What types of muscles are found in the body?
2.-Why do skeletal muscles work in pairs?
3.-Where is smooth muscle found?
4.- Copy the diagram on page 485 and explain what happens to each muscle to straighten the arm?

Key terms.-

Involuntary muscle:
Voluntary muscle:
Skeletal muscle:
Tendon:
Striated muscle:
Smooth muscle:
Cardiac muscle:

#14 The skin (p.488-493)

1.- What are the functions and the structure of skin?
2.-What habits can help keep your skin healthy?
3.- What is the function of vitamin D in the human body?
4.-What health problems can result from repeated sun exposure?

Key terms.-

Epidermis:
Melanin:
Dermis:
Pore:
Follicle:
Cancer:


#15 Food and energy. (p. 502-514)

1.-Why does your body need food?
2.- How do the six nutrients needed by the body help carry out essential processes?
3.- How can food pyramids and food labels hlp you have a healthy diet?
4- How is energy in foods measured?
5.-What is cholesterol?
6.-What is the most abundant substance in the body?
7.- Resume the most important characteristics in the table of vitamins on page 509
8.- Resume the most important characteristics in the table of essential minerals on page 510

Key terms.-

Nutrient:
Calorie:
Carbohydrate:
Glucose:
Fat:
Protein:
Amino acid:
Vitamin:
Mineral:
Percent daily value:
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):

#16 The digestive process begins. (p. 516-521)

1.- What functions are carried out in the digestive system?
2.- What roles do the mouth, esophagus and stomach play in digestion?
3.- Copy figure 12 (page 517 ) “The digestive system”.

Key terms.-

Digestion:
Absorption:
Saliva:
Enzyme:
Epiglottis:
Esophagus:
Mucus:
Peristalsis:
Stomach:



#17 Final digestion and absorption (p.524-527)

1.-What digestive processes occur in the small intestine and how are other digestive organs involved?
2.-What role does the large intestine play in digestion?
3.-How does the pancreas aid in digestion?
4.-What role do bacteria play in the large intestine?


Key terms.-

Small intestine:
Liver:
Bile:
Gallbladder:
Pancreas:
Villus:
Large intestine:
Rectum:
Anus:


#18 The body´s transport system (p.534-543)

1.-What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
2.-What is the function and structure of the heart?
3.-What path does blood take through the cardiovascular system?
4.- What are the functions and structures of arteries, capillaries and veins?
5.- Copy figure #5 on page 539 “Direction of blood flow” and explain.

Key terms.-

Cardiovascular system:
Heart:
Atrium:
Pacemaker:
Ventricle:
Valve:
Artery:
Capillary:
Vain:
Aorta:
Coronary artery:
Pulse:
Diffusion:
Blood pressure:

#19 Blood and lymph (p.545-551)

1.-What are the components of blood?
2.-What determines the type of blood that a person can receive in a transfusion?
3.-What are the structures and functions of the lymphatic system?

Key terms.-

Plasma:
Red blood cell:
Hemoglobin:
White blood cell:
Platelet:
Lymphatic system:
Lymph:
Lymph node:


#20 Cardiovascular health (p.552-556)

1.-What are some diseases of the cardiovascular system?
2.-What behaviors can help maintain cardiovascular health?
3.- Resume the time line on page 554 and 555. Advances in Cardiovascular Medicine.

Key terms.-

Atherosclerosis:
Heart attack:
Hypertension:


#21 The respiratory system (p.564-572)

1.-What are the functions of the respiratory system?
2.-What structures does air pass through as it travels to the lungs?
3.-What happens during gas exchange and breathing?
4.- What muscles cause the chest to expand during breathing?
5.- Copy figure #2 on page 567 “The respiratory system” and explain.

Key terms.-

Respiration:
Cilia:
Pharynx:
Trachea:
Bronchi:
Lungs:
Alveoli:
Diaphragm:
Larynx:
Vocal cords:



#22 Smoking and your health (p.574-578)

1.-What armful chemicals are found in tobacco smoke?
2.-How can tobacco smoke affect a person´s health over time?
3.-Identify the effects of smoking on the body and write the information in a graphic organizer.

Key terms.-

Tar:
Carbon monoxide:
Nicotine:
Addiction:
Bronchitis:
Emphysema:



#23 The excretory system (p.579-583)

1.-What are the structure and functions of the excretory system?
2.-How do the kidneys filter wastes from the blood?
3.-How does excretion contribute to homeostasis?
4.-Copy figure #11 on page 5381 “Excretory system” and explain.

Key terms.-

Excretion:
Urine:
Urinary bladder:
Ureter:
Urea
Kidney:
Urethra:
Nephron:

#24 Infectious disease (p.592-546)

1.-What are the relationship between pathogens and infectious disease?
2.-What kinds of pathogens cause infectious diseases in humans?
3.-What are four ways that pathogens can spread?
4.- Name a disease that can spread by an animal bite.

Key terms.-

Pathogen
Infectious disease
Toxin


#24 The body’s defenses (p.597-603)

1.-How does the body´s first line of defense guard against pathogens?
2.-What happens during the inflammatory response?
3.-How does the immune system respond to pathogens?
4.- How does HIV affect the immune system and how does it spread?

Key terms.-

Inflammatory response:
Phagocyte:
Immune response:
Lymphocyte:
T cell:
Antigen:
B cell:
Antibody:
AIDS:
HIV:

#25 Preventing infectious disease (p.606-610)

1.-How does the body acquire active immunity?
2.-How does passive immunity occur?
3.- Resume the time line on page 608 and 609. “Fighting infectious disease”.

Key terms.-

Immunity:
Active immunity:
Vaccination:
Vaccine:
Antibiotic:
Passive immunity:



#26 Non infectious disease (p.611-615)

1.- What causes allergies?
2-.How does diabetes affect the body?
3.- What are the effects of cancer on the body?

Key terms.-

Noninfectious disease:
Allergy:
Allergen:
Histamine:
Asthma:
Insulin:
Diabetes:
Tumor:
Carcinogen:

#27 How the nervous system works (p.626-630)

1.- What are the functions of the nervous system?
2-. What are the structure of a neuron and what kinds of neurons are found in the body?
3.- How do never impulses travel from one neuron to another?

Key terms.-

Stimulus:
Response:
Neuron:
Nerve impulse:
Dendrite:
Axon:
Nerve:
Sensory neuron:
Interneuron:
Motor neuron:
Synapse: