THE CELL AND INHERITANCE:
Mendel`s work showed that genes exit. But scientists in the early twentieth century did not know what structures in cells contained genes. Chromosome pairs play in inheritance, the relationship between chromosomes and genes is the meiosis. Meiosis is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells sperm and eggs. During the meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism. A punnett square is actually a way to show the events that eccur of meiosis when the chromosome pairs separate and go into two different sex cells, so do the alleles carried on each chromosome. One allele from each pair goes to each sex cell. Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string.
THE DNA CONNECTION:
The genetic code. The main function on genes is to control the production of proteins in an organism`s cells proteins help to determinate the size, shape, color and many traits of an organism. The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifics what type of protein will be produced. During protein synthesis the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein. Messenger RNA copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus . transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome a mutation can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis . as a result the organism`s trait or phenotype.
MODERN GENETIC:
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together. Multiple alleles three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait . the sex chromosomes are one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell . the sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
CAUSES OF GENETIC DISOIDERS:
Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorder are caused by changed in the overall structure or number of chromosomes. Common genetic disorders: cystic figrosis, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, down syndrome. Selective breeding cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits. Darwin´s important observations included the diversity of living things, the remains of ancient organisms and the characteristics of organisms on the Galapagos islands, a species is a group of similar organisms.
A FOSSIL:
Is the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past. Darwin hypothesized the species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new conditions. Scientists have cobined the evidence from DNA protein structure fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
VIRUS:
Is a tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a living a cell. The only way in which viruses are like organisms is that they can multiply. All viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material.
BACTERIA:
Are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus flawellum a long whiplike structure that a helps cell move.
FUNGI:
Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterothrops that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to produce. Hyphae are the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
THE PLANT KINGDOM:
Nearly all plants are autotrophs, organisms that produce their own food. All plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells. In addition , all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls . adaptations for living on land, they must have ways for plants to survive on land , they must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies, and reproduce. Plants without seeds there are three major groups of nonvascular plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low-growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water an other nutrients directly from their environment. Characteristics of seedless vascular plants. Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce releasing spores.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEED PLANTS:
Seed plants share two important characteristics they have vascular tissue, and they use pollen and seeds to reproduce. Inside seed is a partially developed plant. Ifassed lands in area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seeds and begins to grow.
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGYOSPERMS:
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition many gymnosperms have needle like or scalelike leaves and deep growing root systems. Types of gymnosperms: cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophytes, reproduction first, pollen fast from a male cone onto a female con. In time,a sperm cell and egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone.
PLANT RESPONSES AND GROWTH:
Touch, light and gravity are three important stimul which plants show growth responses, or tropisms. Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
STRUCTURE OF ANIMALS:
The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs and systems the major functions of animals are to obtain food and oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move and reproduce.
ANIMAL SYMMETRY:
This balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
SPONGES AND CNIDARIANS:
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have no body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
WORMS:
Biologists classify worms into three major phylaflatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. Flatworms are flat and as soft as jelly.
MOLLUSKS:
In additionto a soft body often covered by a shell a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs, and on organ called a foot.
ARTHROPODS:
The major groups of arthropods are crustaceans, arachinds, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed attachments called appendages.
INSECTS:
Insects are arthropods with three body sections six legs, one pair of antennae, and and usually one or two pairs of wings. An insects mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food. Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food fair other animals.
martes, 1 de diciembre de 2009
domingo, 29 de noviembre de 2009
#13 “Gymnosperms and Angiosperms” (p. 272-282)
1.What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce? Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
2.What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
3.How do angiosperms reproduce?
All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
4.What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flower`s.
“KEY TERMS”
1. Gymnosperm: a plant that produces seeds tahta are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
2. Ovule: a structure that contains an egg cell.
3. Angiosperm: a flowering t that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure.
4. Sepal: a leaf like structure that bud of a flower.
5. Stamen: a male reproductive that bud of a flower.
6. Ovary: a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop: organ of the female reproductive system in which eggs and estrogen are produced.
7. Monocot: an organism with one seed leaf.
8. Cone: the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm.
9. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants.
10. Pistil: the female reproductive part of a flower.
11. Flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
12. Petal: a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.
13. Fruit: the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperms that enclose one or more seeds.
14. Dicot: an angiosperm that has two seed leaves.
2.What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
3.How do angiosperms reproduce?
All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
4.What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flower`s.
“KEY TERMS”
1. Gymnosperm: a plant that produces seeds tahta are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
2. Ovule: a structure that contains an egg cell.
3. Angiosperm: a flowering t that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure.
4. Sepal: a leaf like structure that bud of a flower.
5. Stamen: a male reproductive that bud of a flower.
6. Ovary: a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop: organ of the female reproductive system in which eggs and estrogen are produced.
7. Monocot: an organism with one seed leaf.
8. Cone: the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm.
9. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants.
10. Pistil: the female reproductive part of a flower.
11. Flower: the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
12. Petal: a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.
13. Fruit: the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperms that enclose one or more seeds.
14. Dicot: an angiosperm that has two seed leaves.
Temario para examen final de Biologia II Bachillerato
Estudia:
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales.
2.- Cuestionarios. Págs.77, 80-85, 137, 138, 141-147, 282, 287, 288, 292-313
3.-Autoevaluación. Págs.149-151, 175, 176
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales.
2.- Cuestionarios. Págs.77, 80-85, 137, 138, 141-147, 282, 287, 288, 292-313
3.-Autoevaluación. Págs.149-151, 175, 176
Temario para examen final de Ciencias de la salud I Bachillerato
Estudia:
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales
2.-Evaluaciones sumativas págs.24, 161-164
3.-Glosarios págs.25, 160 y 200
4.-Evaluaciones diagnosticas págs. 26, 168, 200 y 201
5.-Resúmenes págs. 23, 160 y 200
1.-Tus tres exámenes parciales
2.-Evaluaciones sumativas págs.24, 161-164
3.-Glosarios págs.25, 160 y 200
4.-Evaluaciones diagnosticas págs. 26, 168, 200 y 201
5.-Resúmenes págs. 23, 160 y 200
Temario para 2° examen bimestral de secundaria
Summary 2nd bimonthly exam
Chapter 5.- Modern Genetics. QUESTIONARY 1
Human inherence. Pages 144 to 150
Human genetic disorders. Pages 151 to 155
Advances in genetics. Pages 157 to 162
Chapter 6.- Changes over time. QUESTIONARY 1
Darwin´s theory. Pages 173 to 179
Evidence of Evolution. Pages 182 to 187
The fossil record. Pages 189 to 196
Chapter 7.- Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi. QUESTIONARY 1
Viruses. Pages 210 to 215
Bacteria. Pages 217 to 225
Protists. Pages 226 to 235
Fungi. Pages 236 to 241
Chapter 8.- Plants. QUESTIONARY 2
The plant kingdom. Pages 250 to 260
The characteristics of seed plants. Pages 263 to 271
Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pages 272 to 281
Chapter 9.- Sponges, cnidarians and worms. QUESTIONARY 2
What is an animal? Pages 294 to 299
Animal symmetry. Pages 300 to 302
Sponges and cnidarians. Pages 303 to 311
Worms. Pages 314 to 320
Chapter 10.- mollusks, arthropods and echinoderms. QUESTIONARY 2
Mollusks Pages 328 to 333
Arthropods. Pages 335 to 342
Insects. Pages 343 to 347
Insects ecology. Pages 350 to 337
Echinoderms. Pages 354 to 361
Chapter 5.- Modern Genetics. QUESTIONARY 1
Human inherence. Pages 144 to 150
Human genetic disorders. Pages 151 to 155
Advances in genetics. Pages 157 to 162
Chapter 6.- Changes over time. QUESTIONARY 1
Darwin´s theory. Pages 173 to 179
Evidence of Evolution. Pages 182 to 187
The fossil record. Pages 189 to 196
Chapter 7.- Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi. QUESTIONARY 1
Viruses. Pages 210 to 215
Bacteria. Pages 217 to 225
Protists. Pages 226 to 235
Fungi. Pages 236 to 241
Chapter 8.- Plants. QUESTIONARY 2
The plant kingdom. Pages 250 to 260
The characteristics of seed plants. Pages 263 to 271
Gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pages 272 to 281
Chapter 9.- Sponges, cnidarians and worms. QUESTIONARY 2
What is an animal? Pages 294 to 299
Animal symmetry. Pages 300 to 302
Sponges and cnidarians. Pages 303 to 311
Worms. Pages 314 to 320
Chapter 10.- mollusks, arthropods and echinoderms. QUESTIONARY 2
Mollusks Pages 328 to 333
Arthropods. Pages 335 to 342
Insects. Pages 343 to 347
Insects ecology. Pages 350 to 337
Echinoderms. Pages 354 to 361
Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, 2° examen bimestral de Biología (Science explorer). PARTE 2
QUESTIONARY 2
1. What characteristics do all plants share?
Nearly all plants are autotrophs all plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells, all of which are surrounded by cell walls.
2. What do plants need to live successfully on land?
Land plants must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies and reproduce
3. What are the different stages of a plants life cycle?
Plants have complex life cycles that include the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.
4. What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?
There are three major groups of nonvascular Plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low – growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water and other nutrients directly from their environment.
5. What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.
6. What characteristics do seed plants share?
Seed plants have vascular tissue.
7. How do seed become new plants?
Seed plants use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
8. What are the main functions of roots, stems and leaves?
Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and mineral. Stems carry substances between roots and leaves, provide support and hold up the leaves. Leaves capture the sun´s energy for photosynthesis.
9. What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce?
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
10. What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
11. How do angiosperms reproduce? All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
12. What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flowers.
13. What are the three stimuli that produce plant responses?
Plant tropisms include responses to touch, light and gravity.
14. How do plants respond to seasonal changes?
Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
15. How long do different angiosperms live?
Angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials or perennials.
16. How are animal bodies typically organized?
Higher levels of structure, including tissues, organ, and systems.
17. What are four major functions of animals?
Obtain food an oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move, and reproduce.
18- How are animals classified?
According to how they are related to others animals. These relationships are determined by an animal´s body structure, the way an animal develops and its DNA
19- What is symmetry?
The balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
20- What can you infer about an animal based on its symmetry?
Depending on their symmetry, animals share some general characteristics.
21- What are the main characteristics of sponges?
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have not body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
22- What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?
Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
23- Why are coral reefs important?
Coral reefs are home to move species of fishes and invertebrates that any other environment on Earth.
24- What are the three main phyla of worms?
Biologist classify worms into three major phyla- flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms.
25- What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms?
Flatworms are flat and soft as jelly, unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube, open at both ends.
Earth worms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.
26- What are the main characteristics of mollusks?
In addition to a soft body often covered by a shell, a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs and an organ called foot.
27- What are the major groups of mollusks and how do they differ?
Gastropods: are mollusks that have a single external shell or no shell at all.
Bivalves: are mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles. Cephalopods: is an ocean-dwellings mollusk whose food is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth.
28- What are the four major groups of arthropods and what are their characteristics?
Crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body and jointed attachments called appendages.
29- How do crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes differ?
Crustaceans: arthropod that has two or three body sections five or more pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Arachnids: are arthropods with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Centipedes and millipedes: are arthropods with two body sections an many pairs of legs.
30- What are the main characteristics of insects?
Are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually on or two pairs of wings.
31- What is one way insects are adapted to obtain particular types of food?
Insect´s mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food.
32- What are two types of metamorphosis that insects undergo?
Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis or gradual metamorphosis.
33- Why are insects important in food chains?
Insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food for other animals.
34- What are the other ways insects interact with their environments?
Two ways insects interact with other living things are by moving pollen among plants and by spreading disease-causing organism.
35- What are some ways used to control insects pest?
To try to control pests, people use chemicals, traps and living things include other insects.
36- What are the main characteristics of echinoderms?
Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton and systems of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system.
37- What are the major groups of echinoderms?
There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
38- key terms
Larva: is an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult.
Medusa: The jellyfish you see in figure 13 is a medusa (The bowl-shaped body plan).
Cnidarian: Are the invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity.
Polyp: The cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted for a life attached to an underwater surfice.
Colony: A group of individual organism living or growing together.
Coral reef: A diverse environtment named for a coral animals that make up its stony structure
Cuticle: The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.
Vascular Tissue: The internal transporting tissue in some plants that is made up of tubelike structure.
Zygote: A fertilized egg, produced by the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Vascular Plant: The internal transporting tissue.
Gametophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.
Nonvascular Plant: A low – growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue.
Sporophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.
Rhizoid: A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.
Frond: The leaf of a fern plant.
Bilateral symmetry: body plane with two halves they are mirror images.
Radial symmetry: the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass thought a central point.
Cell: the basic unit of structure and functions in living things.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ: a structure in the body that is composed of different kids of tissue.
Adaption: a behavior or physical characteristics that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment.
Sexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
Phylum: one of the major group into which bidogist classify members of a kingdom.
Fertilization: the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Asexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parents.
Vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone.
Invertebrate: an animal the does not have backbone
39- key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
mollusk open circulatory system gill gastropod herbivore carnivore omnivore radula bivalve cephalopod arthropod exoskeleton molting antenna crustacean abdomen arachnid metamorphosis insect thorax pupa complete metamorphosis nymph gradual metamorphosis ecology food chain producer consumer decomposer pollinator pesticide biological control echinoderm endoskeleton tube feet water vascular system
1. What characteristics do all plants share?
Nearly all plants are autotrophs all plants are eukaryotes that contain many cells, all of which are surrounded by cell walls.
2. What do plants need to live successfully on land?
Land plants must have ways to obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings, retain water, transport materials in their bodies, support their bodies and reproduce
3. What are the different stages of a plants life cycle?
Plants have complex life cycles that include the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.
4. What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?
There are three major groups of nonvascular Plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These low – growing plants live in moist areas where they can absorb water and other nutrients directly from their environment.
5. What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails have true vascular tissue, and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.
6. What characteristics do seed plants share?
Seed plants have vascular tissue.
7. How do seed become new plants?
Seed plants use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
8. What are the main functions of roots, stems and leaves?
Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and mineral. Stems carry substances between roots and leaves, provide support and hold up the leaves. Leaves capture the sun´s energy for photosynthesis.
9. What are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how o they reproduce?
Every gymnosperm produces naked seeds. In addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scalelike leaves, and deep-growing roots.
10. What are the characteristics of angiosperms and their flowers?
In gymnosperms reproduction, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. Sperm and egg cells join in an ovule on the femalecone.
11. How do angiosperms reproduce? All angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
12. What are the two types of angiosperms?
During angiosperms reproduction, pollen falls on a flower`s stigma. In time, sperm and egg cells join in the flowers.
13. What are the three stimuli that produce plant responses?
Plant tropisms include responses to touch, light and gravity.
14. How do plants respond to seasonal changes?
Plant responses to seasonal changes include photoperiodism and dormancy.
15. How long do different angiosperms live?
Angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials or perennials.
16. How are animal bodies typically organized?
Higher levels of structure, including tissues, organ, and systems.
17. What are four major functions of animals?
Obtain food an oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move, and reproduce.
18- How are animals classified?
According to how they are related to others animals. These relationships are determined by an animal´s body structure, the way an animal develops and its DNA
19- What is symmetry?
The balanced arrangement of parts, called symmetry, is characteristic of many animals.
20- What can you infer about an animal based on its symmetry?
Depending on their symmetry, animals share some general characteristics.
21- What are the main characteristics of sponges?
Sponges are invertebrate animals that usually have not body symmetry and never have tissues or organs.
22- What are the main characteristics of cnidarians?
Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
23- Why are coral reefs important?
Coral reefs are home to move species of fishes and invertebrates that any other environment on Earth.
24- What are the three main phyla of worms?
Biologist classify worms into three major phyla- flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms.
25- What are the main characteristics of each phylum of worms?
Flatworms are flat and soft as jelly, unlike cnidarians or flatworms, roundworms have a digestive system that is like a tube, open at both ends.
Earth worms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.
26- What are the main characteristics of mollusks?
In addition to a soft body often covered by a shell, a mollusk has a thin layer of tissue called a mantle that covers its internal organs and an organ called foot.
27- What are the major groups of mollusks and how do they differ?
Gastropods: are mollusks that have a single external shell or no shell at all.
Bivalves: are mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles. Cephalopods: is an ocean-dwellings mollusk whose food is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth.
28- What are the four major groups of arthropods and what are their characteristics?
Crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body and jointed attachments called appendages.
29- How do crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes and millipedes differ?
Crustaceans: arthropod that has two or three body sections five or more pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Arachnids: are arthropods with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.
Centipedes and millipedes: are arthropods with two body sections an many pairs of legs.
30- What are the main characteristics of insects?
Are arthropods with three body sections, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually on or two pairs of wings.
31- What is one way insects are adapted to obtain particular types of food?
Insect´s mouthparts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food.
32- What are two types of metamorphosis that insects undergo?
Each insect species undergoes either complete metamorphosis or gradual metamorphosis.
33- Why are insects important in food chains?
Insects play key roles in food chains because of the many different ways that they obtain food and then become food for other animals.
34- What are the other ways insects interact with their environments?
Two ways insects interact with other living things are by moving pollen among plants and by spreading disease-causing organism.
35- What are some ways used to control insects pest?
To try to control pests, people use chemicals, traps and living things include other insects.
36- What are the main characteristics of echinoderms?
Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton and systems of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system.
37- What are the major groups of echinoderms?
There are four major groups of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
38- key terms
Larva: is an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult.
Medusa: The jellyfish you see in figure 13 is a medusa (The bowl-shaped body plan).
Cnidarian: Are the invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity.
Polyp: The cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted for a life attached to an underwater surfice.
Colony: A group of individual organism living or growing together.
Coral reef: A diverse environtment named for a coral animals that make up its stony structure
Cuticle: The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.
Vascular Tissue: The internal transporting tissue in some plants that is made up of tubelike structure.
Zygote: A fertilized egg, produced by the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Vascular Plant: The internal transporting tissue.
Gametophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.
Nonvascular Plant: A low – growing plant that lacks true vascular tissue.
Sporophyte: The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.
Rhizoid: A thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients.
Frond: The leaf of a fern plant.
Bilateral symmetry: body plane with two halves they are mirror images.
Radial symmetry: the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass thought a central point.
Cell: the basic unit of structure and functions in living things.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organ: a structure in the body that is composed of different kids of tissue.
Adaption: a behavior or physical characteristics that allows an organism to survive or reproduce in its environment.
Sexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
Phylum: one of the major group into which bidogist classify members of a kingdom.
Fertilization: the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Asexual reproduction: a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parents.
Vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone.
Invertebrate: an animal the does not have backbone
39- key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
mollusk open circulatory system gill gastropod herbivore carnivore omnivore radula bivalve cephalopod arthropod exoskeleton molting antenna crustacean abdomen arachnid metamorphosis insect thorax pupa complete metamorphosis nymph gradual metamorphosis ecology food chain producer consumer decomposer pollinator pesticide biological control echinoderm endoskeleton tube feet water vascular system
Guia para 1° de SECUNDARIA, 2° examen bimestral de Biología (Science explorer). PARTE 1
Guide 2nd bimonthly exam. Part 1
QUESTIONARY 1
1- What are some patterns of inheritance in humans?
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.
2- What are the functions of sex the chromosomes?
The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male o female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
3- What are two major causes of genetic disorders in human?
Some genetic disorders are causes by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
4- How do geneticists trace the inherence of traits?
One important tool that geneticist use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans is a pedigree
5- How are genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?
Today doctors use tools such as karyotypes to help detect genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped through medical care, education, job training and other methods.
6- What are three ways of producing organisms with desired traits?
Selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits.
7- What is the goal of human genome project?
The main goal of human genome project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.
8- In which organelle of the cell are proteins manufactured?
One the ribosome’s in the cytoplasm of a cell.
9- What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?
Darwin reasons that plants or animals that arrived on the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland. Perhaps, Darwin hypothesized; the species gradually change over many generations and become better adapted to the new conditions.
10- What evidence supports theory of evolution?
Fossils, patterns of early development and similarities body structures all provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
11- How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms?
Scientists have combined the evidence of DNA, protein structure, fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
12- How do new species form?
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains insolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.
13- Homologus structures: Body parts that are structurally similar in related species and that provide the evidence of a common ancestor
14- Branching tree: A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of the organisms are related.
15- How do most fossils from?
When organisms that die become buried is sediments.
16- How can scientists determine a fossil’s age?
Scientist can determine a fossil’s age I two ways: in relative dating and radioactive acting.
17- What is the Geologic Time Scale?
The calendar of earth´s history is some times called the Geologic Time Scale.
18- What are some un answered questions, about evolution?
Two unanswered questions about evolution involve mass extinctions and the rate at which evolutions occurs.
19- How are viruses like organisms?
That they can multiple.
20- What is the structure of a virus?
All viruses have two basic parts: an outer coat that protects the virus and an inner code made of genetic material.
21- How do viruses multiply?
Once inside the cell the Virus gene material takes over many of the cells functions. The genetic material instructs the cell to produce the virus´s proteins and genetic material, these protein and genetic material then assemble into a new viruses.
22- How can you treat a viral disease?
Resting-drinking plenty of fluids, and eating well balanced meals maybe all you can do while you recover from a viral disease.
23- How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells in not contained in nucleus.
24- What do bacteria need to survive?
Bacteria must have source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release energy.
25- Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?
When bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other suitable conditions, they thrive and reproduce frequently.
26- What positive roles do bacteria play in people´s live?
Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and cleanup and in health maintenance and medicine production.
27- What are the characteristics of animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protists?
Animal like protists are heterotrophs and most are able to move from place to obtain food, in plant-like protists, algae are autotrophs and in fungus-like protists are heterotrophs, have a cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
28- What characteristic do fungi share?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have a cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.
29- How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi usually reproduce by making spores. These spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through air or water to new sites.
30- What roles do fungi play in the nature?
Many fungi provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recycle on earth. Some fungi cause disease and others can use in health maintenance and medicine production.
31- Key Terms
Virus= A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Host= The organisms that a parasite or virus lives in or on.
Parasite= The organisms that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction.
Vaccine= A substance used in a vaccitination that consists of weakened or killed pathogens.
Bactriophage= A virus that infects bacteria.
Fungi: a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is the heterothrop that feeds by absolving its food.
hyphae: the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
fruiting body: the reproductive structure of a fungus that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
Budding: a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Lichen: the combination of a fungus and either an alga or an autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship
key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
Multiple alleles sex-linked gene sex chromosomes carrier genetic disorder pedigree karyotype selective breeding inbreeding
hybridization clone spore genetic engineering gene therapygenome species fossils adaptation evolution variation
scientific theory natural selection bacteria flagellum
binary fission asexual reproduction sexual reproduction conjugation
endoscope pasteurization decomposer protist protozoan
pseudopod contractile vacuole cilia symbiosis mutualism algae
QUESTIONARY 1
1- What are some patterns of inheritance in humans?
Some human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles and others by single genes with multiple alleles. Still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.
2- What are the functions of sex the chromosomes?
The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male o female. They also carry genes that determine other traits.
3- What are two major causes of genetic disorders in human?
Some genetic disorders are causes by mutations in the DNA of genes. Other disorders are caused by changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
4- How do geneticists trace the inherence of traits?
One important tool that geneticist use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans is a pedigree
5- How are genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?
Today doctors use tools such as karyotypes to help detect genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped through medical care, education, job training and other methods.
6- What are three ways of producing organisms with desired traits?
Selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering are three methods for developing organisms with desirable traits.
7- What is the goal of human genome project?
The main goal of human genome project has been to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.
8- In which organelle of the cell are proteins manufactured?
One the ribosome’s in the cytoplasm of a cell.
9- What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?
Darwin reasons that plants or animals that arrived on the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the mainland. Perhaps, Darwin hypothesized; the species gradually change over many generations and become better adapted to the new conditions.
10- What evidence supports theory of evolution?
Fossils, patterns of early development and similarities body structures all provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.
11- How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms?
Scientists have combined the evidence of DNA, protein structure, fossils, early development and body structure to determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
12- How do new species form?
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains insolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.
13- Homologus structures: Body parts that are structurally similar in related species and that provide the evidence of a common ancestor
14- Branching tree: A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of the organisms are related.
15- How do most fossils from?
When organisms that die become buried is sediments.
16- How can scientists determine a fossil’s age?
Scientist can determine a fossil’s age I two ways: in relative dating and radioactive acting.
17- What is the Geologic Time Scale?
The calendar of earth´s history is some times called the Geologic Time Scale.
18- What are some un answered questions, about evolution?
Two unanswered questions about evolution involve mass extinctions and the rate at which evolutions occurs.
19- How are viruses like organisms?
That they can multiple.
20- What is the structure of a virus?
All viruses have two basic parts: an outer coat that protects the virus and an inner code made of genetic material.
21- How do viruses multiply?
Once inside the cell the Virus gene material takes over many of the cells functions. The genetic material instructs the cell to produce the virus´s proteins and genetic material, these protein and genetic material then assemble into a new viruses.
22- How can you treat a viral disease?
Resting-drinking plenty of fluids, and eating well balanced meals maybe all you can do while you recover from a viral disease.
23- How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in their cells in not contained in nucleus.
24- What do bacteria need to survive?
Bacteria must have source of food and a way of breaking down the food to release energy.
25- Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?
When bacteria have plenty of food, the right temperature, and other suitable conditions, they thrive and reproduce frequently.
26- What positive roles do bacteria play in people´s live?
Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production, environmental recycling and cleanup and in health maintenance and medicine production.
27- What are the characteristics of animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protists?
Animal like protists are heterotrophs and most are able to move from place to obtain food, in plant-like protists, algae are autotrophs and in fungus-like protists are heterotrophs, have a cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
28- What characteristic do fungi share?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have a cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce.
29- How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi usually reproduce by making spores. These spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through air or water to new sites.
30- What roles do fungi play in the nature?
Many fungi provide food for people and play important roles as decomposers and recycle on earth. Some fungi cause disease and others can use in health maintenance and medicine production.
31- Key Terms
Virus= A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Host= The organisms that a parasite or virus lives in or on.
Parasite= The organisms that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction.
Vaccine= A substance used in a vaccitination that consists of weakened or killed pathogens.
Bactriophage= A virus that infects bacteria.
Fungi: a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is the heterothrop that feeds by absolving its food.
hyphae: the branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
fruiting body: the reproductive structure of a fungus that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.
Budding: a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Lichen: the combination of a fungus and either an alga or an autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship
key terms to define (pages 830 to 857)
Multiple alleles sex-linked gene sex chromosomes carrier genetic disorder pedigree karyotype selective breeding inbreeding
hybridization clone spore genetic engineering gene therapygenome species fossils adaptation evolution variation
scientific theory natural selection bacteria flagellum
binary fission asexual reproduction sexual reproduction conjugation
endoscope pasteurization decomposer protist protozoan
pseudopod contractile vacuole cilia symbiosis mutualism algae
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