Chemicals compounds in cells

Elements: an element is any substance that can not be broken down into simple substances.

Compounds: are two or more elements combine chemically.
The compound call water: the water molecule is made of two-hydrogen atorms and one oxygen atorm. Most chemical reactions within cell couldn’ take place without water .

Organic and inorganic compound:

* most compounds contain carbon, this are called organism compounds
carbohydrates: food such a fruits and some vegetables have a high sugar content, your body breaks down it into gluise that your cells can use to produce energy.

Lipids: fats oil and waxes are a energy-rits organic compound because contain seven more energy than carbohydrates.

Proteins: are a large organic molecules made of CHONS, food that are high in protein includes: meat, nuts, breaks, fish eggs etc…
*Protein molecules are made of amino-acids.
*Proteins make up many of the organelles within the cell and some structures in the human body.
*An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.

Nucleic acids: are very long organic molewles made of CHOP and nucleic acids contain the structions that cells need to carry out the functions of life.

There are two kinds of nucleic acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed romp rents to offspring.
RNA deoxyribonucleic acid : plays an important tale in the production of proteins.

By Regina Lara Ibañez

M13

Looking inside Cells (p.60-67)

“COMPARING PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS”

Nucleus: Directs all of the cells activities including reproduction.

Mitochondria: Most of the cell’s enemy produced within these rod-shaped organelles.

Cytoplasm: Includes a gel-like fluid in which many different organelles are found.

Ribosome: These small structures function as factories to produce proteins. Ribosome may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or they may float in the cytoplasm.

Cell Membrane: Since an animal cell does not have a cell wall, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.

Vacuole: Most mature plant cell have one large vacuole. This sac within the cytoplasm store food, water, waste and other materials.

Lysosome: These small organelles contains chemicals that break down food particles and worn-out cell parts.

Cell Wall: In a plant cell, a stiff wall surrounds the membrane giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape.

Chloroplast: These organelles capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.

By Javier García

M12

Discovery Cells (PGS.50-57)

The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A Microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look longer by using lenses.

Teach and design a history.

1590. - First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen it was a tube with lenses at each end.

1660. – Hooke’s compound microscopes include an oil lamp for lighting.

1674. – Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope used only one tiny lenses; it could magnified a specimen up to 266 times.

1886. – Modern compound microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss compound light microscope with complex lenses a mirror focuses light up through the specimen magnify a specimen to 1000 times.

1933. – (TEM) Transmit ion Elector microscope Ernest Ruska. Terms and electrons through a many thin slices specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500000 times.

1965. – (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope. And seem sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is the three dimensional image of the specimen surface SEM´s can magnify a specimen up to 150000 times.

1981. – Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) an STM measures electrons that leak, or “tunnel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1000000 times.

What the Cell Theory Says Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others helped develop the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.

The cell theory states the following:

· All living things are composed of cells.

· Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

· All cells are produced from other cells.

The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or how small. Since cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about the functions that living things perform. Because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth and reproduction.

BY Jose Vila Reyes

M11

Discovering cells

Robert Hooke: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork, and found that it was made up of cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: At the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.

1838 Schleiden concluded that all the plants are made of cells.

1839 Schwann concluded that all the animals are made of cells.

1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.

“Key terms and Key concepts”

“Key terms.”

1.-Science: Is a way of learning about the natural world, it is also the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world.

2.-Observing: Using one or more of your senses to gather information.

3.-Quantitative observations: Deal with a number or amount.

4.-Qualitative observations: Deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.

5.-Infering: Is the action of explain or interpret the things you observe.

6.-Life Science: Is the study of the living things (Biology).

7.-Predicting: A forecast of what will happen in the future.

8.-Making models: Involves create representations of complex subjects.

9.-Technology: Technology is the thing that helps you make life easier.

10.-Engineer: Is the person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

11.-Organism: A living thing that can be multicellular or unicellular.

12.-Cell: All organisms are made of small building blocks called cells.

13.-Unicellular: singled called organisms, include bacteria.

14.-Multicellular: Organisms are composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks.

15.-Response: Is the act that a cause the organism to react is called a stimulus.

16.-Development: the process of change that occurs during an organism´s life to produce a more complex organism.

17.-Spontaneus generation: The mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving sources.

18.-Autotroph: The organisms that make their own food

19.-Heterotroph: The organisms that cannot make their own food

20.-Homeostasis: the maintenance of stable internal conditions in ann organisms.

21.-Scientific inquiry: Is to consider the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.

22.-Hyphotesis: Is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question.

23.-Variable: An amount of things.

24.-Controlled experiment: An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at time.

25.-Manipulated experiment: One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.

26.-Responding variable: is the factor in response to the manipulated variable.

27.-Operational definition: a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable or how to define a particular term.

28.-Data: Is the facts, figure, and other evidence to get through observations.

29.-Communicating: the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.

30.-Classification: Is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.

31.-Taxonomy: Is the study of how living things are classified.

32.-Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms.

33.-Genus: Is a classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.

34.-Species: Is a group of organisms that are physicall similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

35.-Prokavyote: bacteria and Achaea.

36.-Nucleus: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.

37.-Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain nuclei.

“Key concepts.”

1.-What skills do scientists use to learn about the natural world?
R= Observe, Infer, Predict, Classify, Make models.

2.-What is scientific inquiry?
R=is consider the diverse ways in which scientist study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.

3.-What make a hypothesis testable?
R=this means that research must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidences that will either support or disapprove the hypothesis.

4.-What attitudes are important in science?
R=curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness and skepticism, creativity…

5.-What is the goal of technology?
R= Make life easier.

6.- Why is preparation important when carrying out scientific investigations in the lab and in the field?
R=to be safe during the investigation.

7.- What you should do if an ancient occurs?
R= when any accident occurs, no matter how minor, notify your teacher immediately.

8.-What characteristics do all living things share?
R= Cellular organization, response and chemicals.

BY MICHELLE SAGNELLY D´URZO

M12

Discovering cells (pgs 50-57)

The invention of the microscope made possible for people to discover and learn about cells. A microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger by using lenses to focus light.

Tech and design in history :

1590 First compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen. It was a tube with lens at each end.

1660 Hooke´s compound microscope. Include an oil lamp for lighting.

1674 Leeuwenhoek´s simple microscope. Used only one tiny lens, it could magnify a specimen up to 266 times.

1886 Modern compound light microscope. Ernest Abbé and Carl Zeiss. Compound with complex lenses, a mirror focuses light up thought the specimen. Magnify a specimen up to 1000 times.

1933 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Ernest Ruska. TEMs send electrons though a very thinly sliced specimen and can magnify a specimen up to 500 000 times.

1965 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). An SEM sends electrons over the surface of a specimen rather than through it. The result is a three-dimensional image of the specimen´s surface. SEMs can magnify a specimen up to 150 000 times.

1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). A STM measures electron that leak, or “tunel” from the surface of a specimen. STM can magnify a specimen up to 1 000 000 times.

Robert Hook: One of the first to build a compound microscope to observe cells. In 1663 observed the structure of a thin slice of cork and found that it was made up of cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: at the same time that Hooke made his discovery, he found a variety of one-celled organisms.

1838 Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.

1839 Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.

1855 Virchow proposed “all cells come from cells”.

The cell theory states the following:

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

3. All cells are produced from other cells.

DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS (pgs 48-49)

Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies.

DOMAINS

· BACTERIA: Are prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus, are autotrophs.

Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids.

· ARCHAEA: Can be found in the most extreme environments on earth.

Are unicellular prokaryontes, some are autotrophs.

Their structure and chemical make up, is different from that of bacteria.

· Eukarya: Eukaryontes organisms with cells that contain nuclei

Scientists classify organisms in the domain Eukarya into four kingdoms.

1. PROTIST: Organisms can not be classified as animal, plant or fungus

Autotrophs and heterotrophs, or unicellular and multicellular.

2. FUNGI: mushrooms, molds and mildew are all fungi. Most fungi are multicellular, eukaryontes and heterotrophs.

3. PLANTS: Are multicellular eukaryontes and autotrophs. They provide food for most of heterothophs. This kingdom includes a great variety of organisms like flowers, trees, mosses…

4. ANIMALS: All are multicellular eukaryontes and heterothops. They have different adaptations that allow them to locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.